...This chapter summarizes the book's findings regarding cooperation, coordination, and collective action as well as adaptation and the role that organizations play in fostering cooperation. It first considers four vignettes, each highlighting a contrast between a situation in which cooperation did...

...This chapter discusses the limitations of natural selection, arguing that the overall organization of even ancient natural ecosystems may be relatively imperfect compared to individual adaptations that have been repeatedly tested through competition. After considering the near-perfection of natural...

...This chapter summarizes the book's main conclusions and cautions against exclusive reliance on any single approach. The book's central thesis is that nature's wisdom is found primarily in competitively tested individual adaptations, in wild species and sometimes still in cultivated ones, rather...

... variables that affected patterns of forming the collectives. Among these are religious and ethnic composition, colonization, ecological/economic adaptation, local politics, and historical differences by region. We leave this chapter emphasizing the variability rather more than the general...

...This chapter looks at empirical methods for quantifying gene flow and inferring its role in adaptive divergence. An important point made therein is that gene flow can sometimes aid adaptation, such as when it enhances the genetic variation on which selection acts. The key questions...

... the British Cohort Study, mostly cross-sectional. It then goes on to time-series data on individuals drawn from three panel studies for Britain, Germany, and Australia, as well as cross-section data on the United States. The chapter also examines the key role of social comparisons and adaptation, before...

...This concluding chapter presents a conceptual model for adaptation, learning, and resilience in addressing the global problem of seismic risk and outlines a series of next steps for continuing the cumulative inquiry essential to managing seismic risk. To withstand shocks, a system needs...

.... The book investigates the meanings of literary translation, adaptation, and appropriation on the boundaries of China long before it came into sustained contact with the West. When scholars talk about comparative literature in Asia, they tend to focus on translation between European languages and Chinese...

...This chapter examines the concept of adaptation and how it is applied (and sometimes misapplied) to cooperation. It starts with George C. Williams's idea that adaptation is a “special and onerous concept that should be used only where it is really necessary,” which he articulated...

... diseases linked to breakdown of the equilibrium between a species and its habitat (e.g., Hanta- or Arenaviruses); the genetics of adaptation to novel host; and epidemics of emergence. emergence evolution Holmes Edward C EBOV emergent viruses fitness genetic variability HBV HIV 1 IAV spillover...

...This chapter concentrates on two key features of the Americanization of the Grimms' tales: the English and American translations and adaptations of the Grimms' tales from 1823 to the present, and the filmic adaptation of the Grimms' tales in the age of globalization. It also briefly discusses three...

...This chapter examines how species in simple community modules evolve in order to adapt to one another. It first considers the ecological basis of natural selection before discussing the three general types of traits that underlie the trophic interactions between predators and their prey...

... among communities along with local adaptation within each and explains how link species affect local abundances via their movement strategies. Finally, it explores the interplay between local adaptation and dispersal evolution, the impact of simultaneous spatial and temporal variation in environmental...

...This chapter discusses some general properties of aspiration-based adaptive rules (ABARs). It begins with an overview of propensity and aspiration-based adjustment, using axioms to represent three premises: agents have aspirations, they compare payoffs to aspirations, and these comparisons...

... species when it comes to broad indices of ecological success, such as humans' ability to adapt to and thrive in such a wide variety of habitats across the globe. Humans adapt to a vast variety of changing environments not mainly by applying individual intelligence to solve problems, but rather via...

...This chapter argues that humans make use of insights and adaptations that humans do not understand. Humans learn very often not by figuring out how things work but by imitating others who have locally useful “know-how.” The chapter then describes the conditions under which selection favors...

...This chapter considers some definitions and fundamental concepts of evolutionary biology, with a particular focus on the power of natural selection to improve the adaptation of individual plants and animals to their environment. It begins with a discussion of evolution by natural selection...

... acceptance of tradeoffs has been and will be key to crop genetic improvement, through biotechnology or traditional plant breeding methods. Second, competitive testing of individual adaptations by natural selection is more rigorous than nature's testing of natural ecosystems merely by endurance. Although...

... indexes (E/I indexes), this study explores the processes of change, adaptation, failure, and renewal demonstrated in the set of 12 earthquake response/recovery systems operating in different technical, organizational, cultural, and socioeconomic contexts over the years 1999–2015. This analysis includes...

...This chapter evaluates the findings and analysis for the response system that is moving toward auto-adaptation. None of the 12 disaster response systems included in this study met fully the characteristics specified for the class of auto-adaptive response systems. Yet the earthquake response system...