... are employing similar techniques in the global periphery to test America's resolve in the twenty-first century. Over the past few years, and with greater frequency and brazenness, regional powers opposed to the United States have been engaging in probing. Russia, Iran, and China in their respective regions have...

...This chapter examines the trajectories of revolutionary activities in 1789 France, 1917 Russia, 1979 Iran, and 1932–1933 Germany. It reveals that the first act of major revolutions typically saw more moderate forces in the ascendant. In France, Russia, and Iran these were liberal reformers. A quite...

... Change, 1510-2010, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2010. Figure 6.2. Opinion about Iran in various Arab states, 2006–11 Source: Zogby, “Arab Attitudes toward Iran, 2011.” Figure 6.3. Turkey: Popular but fading, 2011–13 Source: Akgün and Gündoğar...

... legislative war authority. The chapter compares the Munitions Investigation of 1934–36 with the Iran-Contra Investigation of 1989, arguing that the former developed far more constitutional authority for the legislature and war-making system than did the latter. The reasons may be surprising...

... for human rights did not originally intend to promote democracy in world affairs. It then considers the lessons of the Carter years for our understanding of liberalism's strengths and weaknesses in the conduct of American foreign policy by focusing on the debacle in Nicaragua and Iran. It also assesses...

... of rationality as their quintessential enemy. The rammal's elusiveness may be attributed in large part to the fact that the term is used in contemporary Iran to refer to a wide array of occult specialists. The chapter considers the ways in which the rammals are disparaged as charlatans and rammali...

...This chapter introduces one of Sayyed Ahmad Yazdi's clients, a retired officer in the police force of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Brigadier General ʻAli Shirazi had overseen arrests of occult specialists like rammals and fortune-tellers on numerous occasions during his career. He was a deeply...

...This chapter covers the consequences of nuclear proliferation and conflict by highlighting why proliferation strategies matter to international politics. It lists the case studies of Libya, Syria and Iran on stopping hedgers and handling hiders. The Proliferation Strategy Theory, then, showcases...

... an important ally led policymakers to avoid strong denunciations or sanctioning. Using counterfactual reasoning, the chapter argues that the Khashoggi situation was a missed opportunity: human rights pressure, had it been applied, could have had a meaningful effect. The chapter then turns to Iran, focusing...

...This chapter considers the fourth lesson: a state may be rational and ideological at the same time. Islamism is the ruling ideology of several countries, led by Saudi Arabia and Iran. In non-Muslim countries such as the United States, the question that often arises is whether Islamist states...

... mercantile elite centered on the bazaar and the modern middle class. Fischer David Hackett Mohammad Reza Shah Iran Reza Shah Iran Iran bureaucracy Constitutional Revolution Iran educated middle class elites old and traditional Islam Islamic Revolution Iran monarchy Pahlavi Period Iran 1925–1979...

...This chapter considers the years around 1000 as a viewing point from which to consolidate the argument that emphasizes the First Millennium's distinctiveness. It explores four themes broached earlier in the book, associating each one with a particular city. They are: Tūs, which stands for Iran...

... practices. Through productive social engagements, these agents draw attention to a metaphysical rapture that forbearance affords, both for themselves and for victims' families. Their engagement with a kind of social work that extends directly from the potentialities made possible through Iran's Islamic...

..., and exorcism, and yet claim that they believe in jinn because they are mentioned in the Qur'an. The chapter discusses several skeptical approaches to jinn and sorcery in Iran and shows that most Muslim theologians accept the existence of both, even if their purported everyday manifestations are viewed...

...What do the occult sciences, séances with the souls of the dead, and appeals to saintly powers have to do with rationality? Since the late nineteenth century, modernizing intellectuals, religious leaders, and statesmen in Iran have attempted to curtail many such practices as “superstitious...

...This chapter explains why Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi’s Imperial Armed Forces (IAF) were unwilling or unable to prop up the crumbling edifice of his regime. It draws on the main contours of the political and socioeconomic setting of Iran in the late 1970s, followed by a more detailed outline...

.... The other reasons for choosing the hiding strategy involve the absence of a major power's protection and the vulnerability to military or economic prevention. Taiwan and Syria have tried to use clandestine uranium and plutonium programs. On the other hand, Iran was forced into a hidden uranium enrichment...

...This chapter discusses the challenge of determining how modern Persia/Iran might value Alexander. The land whose great empire had been destroyed by Alexander did not forget its conqueror and could even be more inclined to forgive him. Indeed, it proved to have the longest memory of antiquity...