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Tiehui Wang, Steve Bird, Antonis Koussounadis, Jason W Holland, Allison Carrington, Jun Zou, Christopher J Secombes, Identification of a Novel IL-1 Cytokine Family Member in Teleost Fish, The Journal of Immunology, Volume 183, Issue 2, July 2009, Pages 962–974, https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0802953
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Abstract
A novel IL-1 family member (nIL-1F) has been discovered in fish, adding a further member to this cytokine family. The unique gene organization of nIL-1F, together with its location in the genome and low homology to known family members, suggests that this molecule is not homologous to known IL-1F. Nevertheless, it contains a predicted C-terminal β-trefoil structure, an IL-1F signature region within the final exon, a potential IL-1 converting enzyme cut site, and its expression level is clearly increased following infection, or stimulation of macrophages with LPS or IL-1β. A thrombin cut site is also present and may have functional relevance. The C-terminal recombinant protein antagonized the effects of rainbow trout rIL-1β on inflammatory gene expression in a trout macrophage cell line, suggesting it is an IL-1β antagonist. Modeling studies confirmed that nIL-1F has the potential to bind to the trout IL-1RI receptor protein, and may be a novel IL-1 receptor antagonist.