Volume 221, Issue 1, 1 January 2020

During the 2018–2019 season in the US, influenza vaccination provided protection against illness due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus but was not effective against the major clade of A(H3N2) viruses that differed antigenically from the A(H3N2) vaccine component.

We show that maternal influenza vaccination provides significant protection for infants in the first 6 months of life against influenza-related hospitalization in both the A(H1N1)pdm09– and A(H3N2)–dominated seasons.

Live attenuated influenza vaccine induces rapid influenza-specific tonsillar TFH-cell and antibody responses in children, but is less potent in adults. The magnitude of influenza-specific TFH-cell responses inversely correlated with pre-existing salivary IgA, and directly associated with post-vaccination antibody fold-induction.

We identified reduced immune responses to vaccination among older adults with repeated annual influenza vaccination, and we found that the reduction was more pronounced when vaccine components in the prior and current vaccines were identical.

Influenza vaccination is modestly effective in reducing laboratoryconfirmed influenza-associated hospitalizations in people with COPD.

This substudy of a randomized controlled trial shows that the high-dose influenza vaccine elicits significantly better T-cell responses than the standard-dose vaccine in organ transplant patients and provides evidence that it may be the preferred vaccine in the transplant setting.

The I38T PA substitution associated with baloxavir resistance did not alter the replication kinetics of A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses in vitro. Similarly, the wild-type and its I38T mutant induced similar weight loss with comparable lung titers in a mouse model.

Genetic differences in ANP32A between chicken and humans and the differential effects of ANP32 family members on influenza virus replication could result in PB2-627 residue-dependent host restriction.

A data linkage of the cervix screening program registry to the immunization registry in British Columbia showed that women vaccinated against HPV have a lower incidence of cervical dysplasia compared to unvaccinated women.

In a nested case-control study, biomarkers of serum ferritin, vitamin A (RBP), and IL-15 are associated with apparent DENV infection, yet not with nonfebrile DENV, and may play a role in the immunopathology of dengue illness.

Follicular helper T cells support productive HIV-2 infection and are preferential viral targets in HIV-2-infected individuals. This is particularly relevant given the slow rate of CD4 decline, reduced viremia, and high titers of neutralizing antibodies that characterize HIV-2-infected patients.

Hypotension is a common feature of bacterial sepsis but infrequent in severe malaria. the level of cell-free hemoglobin, which scavenges the vasodilator nitric oxide, was increased during severe malaria and associated with higher blood pressure and vascular resistance but impaired peripheral perfusion.

This analysis found BCG was associated with a lower prevalence of LTBI (measured via IGRA) in adults with recent exposure to active tuberculosis. These results suggest BCG may provide durable protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection as well as disease.

The humoral immune response in human survivors of Ebola virus disease includes the development of neutralizing antibodies and polyfunctional IgG1 and IgA antibodies that can mediate effector functions against the Ebola virus glycoprotein via multiple innate immune effector cell types.