Volume 218, Issue 10, 15 November 2018

Antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected adults receiving ritonavir-boosted darunavir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine had a significant higher gain in blood telomere length than those receiving ritonavir-boosted darunavir and raltegravir, suggesting a better initial recovery from HIV-associated immunosenescence.

In human immunodeficiency virus–infected adults with prolonged virological suppression, treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or abacavir was associated with smaller gains in blood telomere length after 2 years of follow-up.

The AVEG015 study highlights the importance of the inclusion of 2 adjuvants in the vaccine formulation. Incorporation of aluminum hydroxide and liposomal MPL induced robust and durable gp120 and gp70V1V2 IgG binding antibodies and ADCC and α₄β₇-integrin receptor-inhibiting functional antibodies.

Growth mixture modeling was used to identify trajectories of longitudinal self-reported (via text-messaging) preexposure prophylaxis adherence among men who have sex with men. Self-reported adherence was associated with pharmacologically assessed adherence. Baseline demographic and psychosocial factors predicted later adherence.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection alters the human intestinal microbiome; however, behavioral factors driving these changes remain poorly defined. We show that drug use and sex behavior are important factors associated with intestinal dysbiosis during chronic HIV-1 infection among young men who have sex with men.

Analysis of antibody responses in adults from 6 influenza seasons after influenza vaccination suggest that both immune priming with seasonal H1N1 viruses earlier in life and egg adaptation in vaccines can affect antibody responses to circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses after vaccination.

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory pathogen for which there are currently no antivirals or vaccines. Here, we reveal that the endosomal innate immunity protein IFITM3 can restrict hMPV infection of cells through inhibition of hMPV membrane fusion.

Cerebrospinal fluid varicella zoster virus (VZV) from encephalitis (8) was significantly more diverse than vesicular fluid (24) (P < .05) with mixed clade infection in 2. Nonvaricella-associated VZV encephalitides may be caused by simultaneous viral reactivation from multiple neurons.

Small-particle aerosolized Nipah virus Malaysia strain remains infectious and causes similar clinical manifestations of disease in the Syrian hamster model as using the corresponding liquid inoculum. Nipah droplets could therefore play a role in human-to-human transmission by close contact.

We investigated the impact of lineage/sublineage variation within the capsid proteins of HPV58 and demonstrated differential sensitivity to antibodies derived from natural infection and immunization. These differences were likely due to subtle epitope sequence changes rather that major structural alterations.

We developed a mobile laboratory for molecular detection of viral hemorrhagic fever viruses for an African team that tested its function during several outbreaks. This was the first team deployed onsite during the Ebola outbreak in West Africa 2014–2016.

The major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis was unable to activate dendritic cells despite being able to bind to macrophage mannose receptor and DC-SIGN, which recognize mannoproteins, suggesting that the loss of genes in Pneumocystis for high mannosylation facilitates immune evasion.

This study investigates a group B Streptococcus LytR-CpsA-Psr enzyme which plays roles in multiple bacterial functions including biofilm formation, colonization, and innate immune resistance.

Systemic administration of T cell epitope peptides increased activation of antigen-specific T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice, but the antimycobacterial effect was modest. Additional work indicated that CD4 T cells are segregated from M. tuberculosis-infected cells in the lungs.

Apical infection of endocervical cells by Neisseria gonorrhoeae drives basolateral-to-apical neutrophil migration. Neutrophil transepithelial migration requires bacterial–endocervical cell contact. Two eicosanoid-producing pathways coordinate neutrophil migration: epithelial 12R-lipoxygenase (LOX) and eLOX3 hepoxilin synthase, and neutrophil 5-LOX–dependent production of leukotriene B₄.

We investigated the immune response of peripheral T follicular helper cells during acute dengue virus infection in Thai children. We report significant associations between peripheral T follicular helper cell activation and plasmablast activation, secondary infection, and disease.