Volume 216, Issue 2, 15 July 2017

This manuscript explores the potential of developing a novel immunotherapeutic approach for the prevention/treatment of parainfluenza virus 3 infections by characterizing the cellular immune response to all 7 encoded viral antigens and establishing a hierarchy of immunogenicity

The first systematic large-scale analysis of immune mediators reported in patients with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. Several key immune mediators have been identified for the control of ZIKV pathogenesis. This will clarify the molecular mechanisms of ZIKV infection in patients.

The reemergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) warrants the need to develop complementary diagnostic measures. In this study, flow cytometry was used to determine the presence of ZIKV NS3 antigen in blood monocytes from ZIKV-infected patients

The immunogenicity of the varicella-zoster virus vaccine in elderly nursing home residents has an inverse relationship with serum levels of C-reactive protein and heart failure status. Furthermore, heart failure in this population is associated with markers of T-cell immunosenescence.

Among 26 asymptomatic men enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, valganciclovir, 900 mg daily, substantially reduced both the proportion of days on which Epstein-Barr virus was detected on oropharyngeal swabs and the quantity of virus present.

Prolonged shedding of human coronavirus in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients was associated with initial high viral load, high-dose steroids, and myeloablative conditioning regimens. No substantial intrahost evolution of viral genomes occurred over time.

Reducing the human papillomavirus burden by vaccinating boys is modestly less efficient than by increasing coverage among girls. Extending vaccination to boys is cost-effective when vaccines are procured through a tendering process, even when the coverage among girls increases to 80%.

We calculated pathogen-specific attributable fractions of acute watery diarrhea in children from 16 countries using quantitative polymerase chain reaction testing for a broad range of enteropathogens. Rotavirus remained the leading etiology, despite a clear impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction.

To meet the need for new pathways to develop antibacterial agents to treat drug-resistant infections, we present feasible trial designs that could enable conduct of narrow-spectrum clinical trials and ultimately approval of critically needed new antibacterial agents.

Rigorous estimates for untreated chlamydia clearance rates are important for understanding and controlling infection. We synthesized literature data to investigate clearance in men. Established infections clear more slowly in men than women, and more slowly than had previously been assumed.

Systemic chemotherapy for various malignancies leads to long-term increases in CD4⁺ T-cell–associated HIV-1 RNA and DNA burden in some individuals. HIV-infected cytomegalovirus/Epstein-Barr virus–specific CD4 ⁺ T cells may also contribute to maintenance of the HIV DNA reservoir following chemotherapy.

Transgenic parasites harboring a naturally-arising polymorphism in PfRh2b reveal no invasion pathway difference but are differentially inhibited by IgG from three endemic regions. Transgenic parasites provide a useful tool to assess specificity of natural or vaccine-induced inhibitory antibodies.

Gene copy number variation (CNV) is associated with phenotypes of numerous diseases, including malaria. A surplus of copies of the PKLR, FCGR2A, FCGR2C, and FCGR3 genes is significantly associated with malaria severity, indicating a role of CNV in host responses to malaria.