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Zhibo An, Ronald L. Prigeon, David A. D'Alessio, Improved Glycemic Control Enhances the Incretin Effect in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 98, Issue 12, 1 December 2013, Pages 4702–4708, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-1199
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Impairment of the incretin effect is one of the hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is unknown whether this abnormality is specific to incretin-stimulated insulin secretion or a manifestation of generalized β-cell dysfunction. The aim of this study was to determine whether improved glycemic control restores the incretin effect.
Fifteen T2DM subjects were studied before and after 8 weeks of intensified treatment with insulin. The incretin effect was determined by comparing plasma insulin and C-peptide levels at clamped hyperglycemia from iv glucose, and iv glucose plus glucose ingestion.
Long-acting insulin, titrated to reduce fasting glucose to 7 mM, lowered hemoglobin A1c from 8.6% ± 0.2% to 7.1% ± 0.2% over 8 weeks. The incremental C-peptide responses and insulin secretion rates to iv glucose did not differ before and after insulin treatment (5.6 ± 1.0 and 6.0 ± 0.9 nmol/L·min and 0.75 ± 0.10 and 0.76 ± 0.11 pmol/min), but the C-peptide response to glucose ingestion was greater after treatment than before (10.9 ± 2.2 and 7.1 ± 0.9 nmol/L·min; P = .03) as were the insulin secretion rates (1.11 ± 0.22 and 0.67 ± 0.07 pmol/min; P = .04). The incretin effect computed from plasma C-peptide was 21.8% ± 6.5% before insulin treatment and increased 40.9% ± 3.9% after insulin treatment (P < .02).
Intensified insulin treatment to improve glycemic control led to a disproportionate improvement of insulin secretion in response to oral compared with iv glucose stimulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. This suggests that in T2DM the impaired incretin effect is independent of abnormal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
