Confined pulmonary vein (PV) fibrillation is a rare finding, which suggests that fibrillation can sustain in the isolated tissue independently. A 76-year-old woman underwent second catheter ablation procedure for recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF). The starting rhythm was AF. During ipsilateral right PV re-isolation, sinus rhythm was restored despite sustained fibrillation inside (panel A). Following the re-isolation of right PVs, confined PV fibrillation was also observed in isolated left superior PV (panel B). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case presenting simultaneous confined bilateral PV fibrillation. The case highlighted the strong association with the mechanism of sustaining AF and bilateral PVs.
Conflict of interest: none declared.
