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M. F. McGRATH, R. J. COLLIER, D. R. CLEMMONS, W. H. BUSBY, C. A. SWEENY, G. G. KRIVI, The Direct in Vitro Effect of Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs) on Normal Bovine Mammary Cell Proliferation and Production of IGF Binding Proteins, Endocrinology, Volume 129, Issue 2, 1 August 1991, Pages 671–678, https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-129-2-671
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Mammary epithelial cells isolated from pregnant, nonlactating heifers were grown in vitro using collagen substrates. Using these systems, the truncated form of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (des-3-IGF-l), IGF-1, and IGF-2 all stimulated a significant (0.5 to 1 fold) increase in cell proliferation (des-3-IGF-l > IGF-1 > IGF-2). When grown in media containing serum plus IGF-1, normal bovine mammary cells also produced and secreted at least four species of IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) ranging from 21K to 48K (as demonstrated by ligand blot analysis). However, cells grown in serum free media secreted detectable quantities of only 2 major forms of IGFBP of 34K and 48K. Using immunoblot analysis, these proteins were identified as IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3, respectively. Both proteins were inducible by the addition of IGF to the serum free media (relative potency; IGF-1 > des-3-IGF-1 > IGF-2). Using RIA analysis, bovine mammary cells cultured in the presence of IGF-1 produced 20–25 ng/ml IGFBP-2 compared to control cultures which secrete approximately 1.0 ng/ml. Cells exposed to des-3-IGF-1 produced 40–60% less IGFBP-2 whereas insulin and IGF-2 did not stimulate significant IGFBP-2 production. These data indicate that normal bovine mammary cells secrete IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3. This secretion is stimulated by IGF-1 and des-3-IGF-1 suggesting a mechanism for regulating local IGF activity.