
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Mesolithic Demography as Hunter-Gatherer Demography Mesolithic Demography as Hunter-Gatherer Demography
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Facing Final Pleistocene and Early Holocene Ecological Transformations Facing Final Pleistocene and Early Holocene Ecological Transformations
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Life Histories and Population Processes in Mesolithic Hunter-gatherer Context Life Histories and Population Processes in Mesolithic Hunter-gatherer Context
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Mesolithic Environments and Biocultural Systems: Climate Change and Niche Construction Mesolithic Environments and Biocultural Systems: Climate Change and Niche Construction
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Zooming in on Mesolithic Fertility: The Juvenility Index Zooming in on Mesolithic Fertility: The Juvenility Index
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The Balance of Fertility and Mortality: Summed Calibration Probability Density Distributions The Balance of Fertility and Mortality: Summed Calibration Probability Density Distributions
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Complex Spatial Dynamics in Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherer Demography Complex Spatial Dynamics in Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherer Demography
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Range Expansion and Migration: Palaeogenomic Insights into Admixture in Mesolithic Demographic History Range Expansion and Migration: Palaeogenomic Insights into Admixture in Mesolithic Demographic History
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Discussion and Conclusion Discussion and Conclusion
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References References
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31 Demography, Life Histories, and Population Dynamics
Get accessAaron Jonas Stutz, Bohusläns Museum
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Published:20 February 2025
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Abstract
Palaeodemography is the study of past population systems and population dynamics. This topic is central for understanding Mesolithic hunter-gatherer-fishers at multiple scales, from lived experience to long-term change in coupled human–environment systems. Multiple methods are increasingly used to study the palaeodemography of Mesolithic hunter-gatherer-fisher populations in Europe. Analysis of large calibrated-radiocarbon-date datasets is now often combined with palaeogenomic analyses of DNA-fragments recovered from Mesolithic human remains. These data complement model-driven bioarchaeological analyses of life history patterns in skeletal samples of Mesolithic people interred in cemeteries and other mortuary features. Recent research reveals that migration and admixture between Mesolithic forager- and Neolithic farming communities were geographically variable but tended to be asymmetric, favouring net forager geneflow into farming groups. Mesolithic populations constituted resilient cultural and demographic systems that persisted over thousands of years. Yet, Neolithic farming populations—exhibiting evidence for higher fertility, higher mortality, and higher residential population densities—were part of biocultural systems that were often dependent on more ecologically disruptive, intense levels of energy and resource extraction.
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