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Introduction Introduction
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Legal Basis Legal Basis
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Stricter Security Requirements for Radioactive Sources Stricter Security Requirements for Radioactive Sources
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Decision to Phase Out Decision to Phase Out
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Decision to Substitute Decision to Substitute
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Notes Notes
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Suggested Reading Suggested Reading
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37 Removal of Gamma Blood Irradiators in Norway
Get accessStyrkaar Hustveit is a Senior Adviser at the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority.
Sindre Øvergaard is Head of Department at the Institute for Energy Technology and formerly Head of Section at the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority.
Tone-Mette Sjømoen is a Director at the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority.
Håvar A. Sollund is a Senior Advisor at the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority.
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Published:20 June 2023
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Abstract
Blood irradiators employing caesium chloride sources pose a unique radiological risk due to the high activity, solubility, dispersibility and long half-life of the sources, and because they typically are installed in hospitals situated in major population centres. In Norway, all gamma-based blood irradiators were substituted with X-ray based alternatives in the years 2012–2015, resulting in a significant reduction in the risk of radiological terrorism. While some of the domestic factors leading to the successful removal of gamma-based blood irradiators are not easily transferred (e.g. the focus on security triggered by the 2011 domestic terrorist attack and the ownership structure of Norwegian hospitals and blood banks), there are several key elements in the strategy adopted in Norway that could provide valuable experience to other countries. These include an initial assessment of available alternatives through international surveys, a risk-based inspection approach, cooperation between relevant authorities, and implementation of a necessary regulatory framework. In particular, the principle of substitution in the Norwegian Radiation Protection Regulations is highlighted, which requires X-ray-based alternatives to be used rather than radioactive sources when practically achievable.
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