Index

Tables and figures are indicated by tand f following the page number

Acemoglu, D.120

African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)243, 265

African Development Bank Group programs446
Special Agro-Industrial Processing Zones448–51
Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation for the Savannah451–2
Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program446–8

age dependency292, 293f, 293

age disparities in labor market310, 311, 313f

agriculture sector441
African Development Bank Group programs446
Special Agro-Industrial Processing Zones448–51
Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation for the Savannah451–2
Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program446–8
Congo Basin Forest442
constraints442, 443
employment creation policies681–2
environmental measures442
infrastructure gap442
transformation strategy443–6

Ahidjo, A.38, 39, 53–4, 68, 642

AI See artificial intelligence

airports203

Ajab Amin, A.513–26

Alkire-Foster (AF) counting method152 See also poverty

allogenous citizens102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 113

Amadu, I.663–74

“American Wandas”697

Andrianarison, F.151–82

Annif ’ Akem, F.323–40

apprenticeships690–94

artificial intelligence (AI)714–75, 719, 720, 721
applications and benefits715t
techniques718t

autochthonous citizens102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 113

automobile industry132

Avom, D.227–48

Bahel, E.611–22, 623–34, 635–48

banking sector17, 527, 528, 529, 552–3, 560
contribution to the financing of economic activity534
distribution of the shareholding of529f
financial stability537, 538f, 539f
foreign-owned banks528, 529
lending rates529, 530f
loan-to-deposit ratio529
mobile banking553, 553f, 554 See also small and medium-sized enterprises

Bank of Central African States (BEAC)514, 516–17, 522, 523
monetary policy527 See also monetary policy

Baptist Missionary Society (BMS)33

Barthes, R.740

BDA See big data analytics

Belanger, E.427–40

“belly speaker”600

Benjamin, N.563–78

Bergaly Kamdem, C.355–70

Beti, M.736, 746, 747, 748

Bhabha, H. K.734

big data analytics (BDA)716, 718–19, 720, 721, 723
5Vs approach718, 720f
applications and benefits715t

big data analytics capabilities (BDAC)721, 722f

Biya, P.30, 31, 39, 55–6, 57, 600, 601, 604f, 604, 744

BMS33

Bokassa, J.-B.55

Boko Haram54, 175, 177

bond markets533

Boniface Ngah, E.663–74

book industry131, 132

Boudarbat, B301–22

Bougna, T.197–226, 469–80

brain drain706

brewing industry133

budgetary oil prices639

“bushfalling”695, 697

business environment44, 194, 195, 536–7

Butake, B.733, 744, 745

buyam-sellam concept129–30

Cameron, M.249–60

“Cameroonian ill”753

Cameroon Natural Resource Trust Fund657–8

Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement (CPDM)31

Caparros, M.738

capital markets484, 497, 517, 518, 521, 523, 531

cartoons See editorial cartoons

causality22–3

CEEAC59

Cellucam132

CEMAC See Central African Economic and Monetary Community

Central Africa51–2
center-periphery relations54
colonial legacy52–3
contagion60
election results60
family politics55, 56
longevity of presidents55
opposition parties56
patrimonial politics55–6
personalization of power55–6, 59
politico-military entrepreneurs54–5
pro-democracy movements56–9
renewed mobilization of citizens for political causes59
security forces, role of59
similarity of political history59
subregional organizations59–60
violence in the post-colony53–5

Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC)43, 44t, 51, 59, 263, 267, 268, 514, 527, 528f
banking sector519–21, 523, 524
bond markets533
capital markets521, 523
financial market533
financial repression518–19
model to analyze the role of the financial sector in CEMAC’s economy522, 523t
public debt521, 524 See also CFA franc zone

centralized state64, 65, 70, 88

CFA franc zone17, 514, 515, 642
benefits of the monetary union515
benefits to France516–17
European Central Bank intervention516
monetary union514
operating principles514–15
price stability with fixed exchange rate516
trade and economic integration517 See also Central African Economic and Monetary Community

Christian missionaries33–4, 45

circulation model of governance588–9

citizen enterprises504–6, 510

civil service135–6, 137

civil society organizations761

clothing industry131, 135

Collectif Changer le Cameroun99

“colonial determinism”753, 757

colonialism63, 67
British Cameroons (1916–1961)67, 68f, 68–9
French Cameroons (1916–1960)67, 68f, 68, 69
German Kamerun (1884–1916)67, 68f
UN plebiscite69 See also interplay between colonial origins and postcolonial institutions in shaping long-term outcomes

“colonial trauma”757

Communauté Economique des États de l’Afrique Centrale (CEEAC)59

Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale See Central African Economic and Monetary Community

comparative advantages232, 234, 677

“compassion economies”741

competitiveness index44

Conference of Berlin1

“confiscated independence”763

Congo Basin Forest442

corruption4, 135, 136, 137, 241–2, 595, 596, 599, 643
complexity of corruption601–3, 603–4, 607
editorial cartoons18–19, 595, 596, 600f, 602f, 603f, 604f, 607
aim of597
“belly speaker”600, 601
metaphor in absentia600
mirror of the complex corruption system, as602
zoomorphism599, 600, 602f
“petty corruption”605
systematic corruption601
“tyranny of corruption” and underdevelopment605, 606, 607

cost-benefit analysis (CBA)429

cost-consequence analysis (CCA)429

cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)429

cost-minimization analysis (CMA)429

cost-utility analysis (CUA)429

COVID-19 pandemic46, 137, 428, 457, 481, 482, 484, 521

CPDM31

“crisis of civilization”757–9

“cultural adjustment”756, 757

curative care bias419, 424

Dallé, S.25

“debt crisis”481, 482

debt sustainability analysis (DSA)490–94, 497

decentralization13, 371, 372, 373, 387, 469–70, 760–61
central supervision of local governments389–90
fiscal decentralization470
indirect election of municipal mayors and regional councillors389
popular election of municipal councillors387–8
potential benefits of385–7
primary public schools371, 375
background information on the primary education sector373, 374–5
early human capital accumulation372
empirical results and policy implications378, 379t, 379, 380t, 380–81
empirical strategy used to evaluate the effect of the decentralization policy377–8
model of decentralization in the context of human capital production375–6 See also regional taxation policies

decolonization734, 754

deindustrialization4

Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)70–71

demographic dividends289, 292, 293, 303, 304, 319

Derrida, J.738–9, 749

development banks684–5

Dia Kamgnia, B.355–70

diaspora bonds707

digitalization713, 714, 716, 720–21, 723, 724f
need for interplay between technology, organizations, and people721, 722f, 722
ranking for digital skills726t
ranking for ICT adoption dimensions726t
ranking for innovation capability dimensions726t
skilled workforce721
strategies for722, 723f, 723 See also artificial intelligence; See also big data analytics

digitization720

Djoulde, C. A.595–608

Doongal Teddungal (DT)502, 503, 506

Douala Consensus249

earnings inequality See income inequality

Eloundou-Enyegue, P.283–300

Eboussi Boulaga, F.606

Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)265, 266, 267t, 267, 268

economic complexity index232f, 232, 233f, 234

economic development policies137

economic diversification44, 230, 231f, 231, 249, 489f, 489, 490f
export concentration250f, 251
export destinations251, 252f
export potential254, 255, 256f, 256, 257, 258
TRADE-DSM analysis250, 253f, 253–4, 255t, 257
Plan Directeur d’Industralisation (PDI)249, 251, 252, 257, 258
share of PDI sectors in total exports251f

economic evaluations429 See also healthcare financing programs, economic evaluations of

economic growth3–4, 5, 6
electricity access and economic growth216, 217, 220t
financial system and economic growth517, 518 See also infrastructure

economic reform120, 125
economic environment121
optimization problem of the elite122
optimization problem of the poor and the middle class121–2
need for coordination125
political game
preventing the forming of a reform coalition122–4

economic structure9

economic system134–5
buyam-sellam concept129–30
colonial economy128–9
post-independence period129–30
pre-colonial era127–8
small industry128–9

editorial cartoons
corruption18–19, 595, 596, 598f, 600f, 601f, 602f, 605
aim of597
“belly speaker”600, 601
metaphor in absentia600
mirror of the complex corruption system, as602
zoomorphism599, 600, 602f

education
demand for362
education exclusion690
education spending688 See also decentralization; See also returns to education

educational attainment7–8, 65, 76–8, 82–6
income inequality, and342, 345–6

education and training strategies and policies130–31, 133–4, 135, 136, 137

education system144, 145, 362, 373, 393
effect of institutions on primary and secondary school enrolment13–14, 400, 401t, 402t, 403–4, 407t, 408t
research methodology398–400, 406
institutional environment396–7
performance of394, 688, 690
institutions, role of394
studies on the performance of education systems
studies using aggregated data396
studies using individual indicators394–5

“electoral villages”101, 104

electricity supply20, 663–4, 671, 672
electricity access and economic growth216, 217, 220t
estimating the impact of electricity shortages on manufacturing exports
data and variables667
empirical strategy and modelling framework665–7
findings667–71, 672t

employment creation678
agricultural policies681–2
development banks684–5
implications of technological advances680–81
industrialization679–80
industrial parks686–7
macroeconomic policies682–3
promoting access to the information and communications technologies sector689
public works programs683, 684
regulatory reform685
skills enhancement zones688–9, 690
special agro-processing zones686, 687
special economic zones685, 686–7
strategy for682
targeted apprenticeship and job-training programs690–92
wage subsidies683
youth-oriented training programs684

employment outcomes7–8, 65, 76, 78–80, 86–7

employment rate306, 307f, 307

“encadrement” of youth297–8

energy sector See power sector

entreprises citoyennes504–6, 510

Essiane, P.-N. D.527–46

ethnicity96, 97, 112
allogenous citizens102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 113
autochthonous citizens102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 113
domination of three “ethnic” groups over national political life100, 101
equality of opportunity113, 115
ethnic categorizations103, 104
ethnicization of public debate and State management95, 96
ethnic pluralism113
measuring ethnic inequities100, 105–12
pedagogical campaign on the theme of tribalism113–14
populism97
radical overhaul of the political system, need for114
rejection of the State99–100, 112–13
reparations98, 99, 100
representativity and motivations of those who speak in the name of ethnic groups104–5

Etounga-Manguelle, D.753–765

European Central Bank (ECB) intervention516

exchange rate241

expansionary austerity466

exports
evolution of exports231f, 231, 232f, 232
export concentration250f, 251
export destinations251, 252f
export potential254, 255, 256f, 256, 257, 258
TRADE-DSM analysis250, 253f, 253–4, 255t, 257
negative effect in the exports of agricultural and mining commodities240–41 See also manufacturing exports

family politics55, 56

family workforces138

Fanon, F.742, 743, 757

Faustmann, M.618, 619

female entrepreneurship17–18, 563–4
analysis of profile and determinants of female entrepreneurship in Cameroon
findings568, 569t, 569, 570t, 570, 571t, 571, 572t, 572–5
methodology and data567–8
profile and determinants of female entrepreneurship in Africa564–7

fertility transitions289, 292, 293f, 293, 294

FGT-class of poverty measures152 See also poverty

financial diversification534

financial repression518–19

financial sector527, 541, 542, 553
capital markets531
crowding-out effect540, 541
financial diversification534
fiscal dominance540
microfinance sector529, 530t, 530–31
obstacles to development of credit534
business environment536–7
credit demand535–6
credit supply534–5
public securities market540, 541, 542f See also banking sector

financial system and economic growth517, 518

fiscal decentralization470 See also regional taxation policies

fiscal diversification489

fiscal policy457, 458 See also government consumption

foreign capital, dominance of39

foreign direct investments (FDI)263, 264

foreign-owned banks528, 529

forests
optimal management of618–20

Foster, J.152

Fourth Industrial Revolution681

Françafrique642, 757

franc zone513 See also CFA franc zone

Fregene, M.441–54

“French curse”643

gender disparities
labor market309, 310, 311f
poverty rate156

gender earnings gap
glass ceiling324, 325, 326, 333
informal labor market323, 324, 326, 329, 330f, 330, 331, 332, 333t, 333–4, 337, 338
contributions of the different variables335, 336, 336t
self-employed workers334, 335t
sticky-floor334, 337
wage earners334, 335t
sticky floor324, 325, 326

generational reproduction285

GICAM (Groupement Inter-Patronal du Cameroun)501, 503–4

Giroux, S. C.283–300

glass ceiling324, 325, 326, 333

Global Competitiveness Report (2019)714, 716t, 721

globalization734
humanitarianism, and732, 738
manufacturing679–80

governance579
British governance model582
French governance model582 See also public administration

government consumption16, 457, 458
substitutability / complementarity between public and private consumption458, 459, 466
intratemporal elasticity of substitution between private and government consumption459, 460, 461t, 461
useful government consumption458–60, 461, 466–7
implications for fiscal policy design and effectiveness459, 462–6, 469

Groupement Inter-Patronal du Cameroun (GICAM)501, 503–4

Growth and Employment Strategy Paper (GESP)151, 199, 373, 584

Gueye, F.563–78

Hassana502, 503

healthcare financing programs (HFPs), economic evaluations of
analysis of
design and methods432, 433–4
findings434–5
economic evaluation framework429–30
cost analysis of the HFP431
decision as to whether the program is efficient432
defining the analytic perspective and time horizon431
economic evaluation analyses432
effectiveness assessment or impact evaluation of the HFP432
specification of the comparator431
specification of the healthcare financing program430, 430f, 431f
health financing programs433t
limitations of the evaluations435–6
recommendations for future evaluations436–7

healthcare system14, 411, 414
central level414
challenges for427, 428
curative care bias419, 424
disparities in access to care and health outcomes428
health outcomes414, 415t, 415, 416t, 427
historical background412–13
impact of health care spending as a determinant of health outcomes423–4
infant mortality rate420, 422, 423t
research methodology and estimation procedure419–22
under-five mortality rate420, 422, 423, 423t
intermediate level414
peripheral level414
policy proposals424–5
sources of health care financing411, 416, 417t, 417f
donor assistance418, 428
government spending418, 428
household out-of-pocket payments416, 417–18, 428
insurance schemes418

Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program242, 487, 488, 599

historical and geographical background29–30
Anglophone grievances against central authorities31, 46, 53
British rule37–8
burning of Anglophone villages by government security forces46
capitalism, introduction of34
Christian missionaries33–4, 45
closure of the border between Nigeria and the Anglophone Regions46
colonial constitution32
COVID-19 pandemic46
debt sustainability43, 44
economic and political fragility42–3
economic infrastructure36
economic performance43
European traders32–3
foreign capital, dominance of39
founding of modern Cameroon30
francophone domination42
French rule37
German “intangible legacy”36
internal migrations45–6
introduction of European languages45
investment code38, 39
migrants from neighboring countries45
multiparty politics30–31
oil production and export40–41
oil revenue gap40–41
parastatals38, 39, 40
planned liberalism38–9
plantation agriculture35, 36
politique d’assimilation37
politique d’association37
régime de l’indigénat37
religions, influence of46
timber exports41
UN Trust Territories38
West Cameroon
political autonomy of41–2

Hotelling, H.612
Hotelling’s Rule612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 618, 624, 632
direct empirical test of the Hotelling model627–32
indirect empirical test of the Hotelling model625–7
stock effects and technological changes624–5

Housseini, B.151–82, 301–22

human capital11–12, 184, 191, 192f, 192, 195, 240
returns to education
human capital theory356, 360–61 See also decentralization

humanitarianism731–2, 733
“colonial administrator and the humanitarian priest”736
emergence of737–8
evolving meaning of738
globalization, and732
“globalization with a conscience”738
humanitarian stage of governance733
“Humanitarian State”733, 746–9
“impossible gift”749
“le cadeau empoisonné” (poisoned gift)738–40, 742–3
militarized humanitarian interventions741
shame associated with humanitarian aid744, 745, 746
symbolic and moral capital of741
unintended consequences of generous intentions733

ICT See information and communications technologies sector

IMF See International Monetary Fund

income inequality12–13, 294f, 294, 295, 296, 344–2
changes in345t, 349
conceptual framework342–3
data sources343–4
drivers of342–3, 345, 345–6, 347t, 349, 350t
methodology343, 344 See also gender earnings gap

Indomitable Lions1

industrial parks (IPs)686–7

industrial policy5, 6, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135
industrialization and employment creation679–80

infant mortality rates (IMR)7–8, 65, 76, 78–81, 86–7, 420, 422, 423t

informal labor market12, 301, 302, 305, 308, 309, 311, 317–18, 323–4, 329–30, 361, 365–6, 677
gender earnings disparities323, 324, 326, 331, 332f, 332, 333, 331, 333t, 332–3, 337
contributions of the different variables335, 336, 336t
self-employed workers334, 335t
sticky-floor332, 334, 337
wage earners334, 335t
labor market participation330–31, 332t
research study
data sources328, 329
descriptive statistics329t
methodology326–8 See also literature on the economy of Cameroon

information and communications technologies (ICT) sector
promoting access to689

infrastructure10, 197
challenges of infrastructure development
cost-effectiveness and quality of management207, 208, 209f
financing gap207, 208f
governance failure205, 207
inefficiencies208, 210f
current state of infrastructure
ports and airports203
power sector203–4
railways202–3
roads network201, 202t, 202
government investment spending199
growth and employment strategy paper199
infrastructure gap197, 204–5, 206f, 494, 497
international comparison
infrastructure rankings198f
National Development Strategy (SND30)199
policy recommendations220–21, 222
addressing the governance failure221
improving regional saving efforts and multi-lateral cooperation.221–2
investing in large and integrated infrastructure projects221
public infrastructure projects683, 684
public-private partnerships207, 208f
relationship between infrastructure development and economic growth199–200, 210, 213, 218, 219, 220
complementarities between different infrastructures216, 217, 218, 219t, 220t
data and descriptive analysis210, 211t
electricity access and economic growth216, 217, 220t
transport infrastructure and city-level impacts215, 216t, 216, 217t, 218t, 225t
transport infrastructure and country-level GDP211, 212t, 212, 213t, 213, 214t
transport infrastructure and firm-level impacts213, 214, 215t
“Vision 2035”197

institutional design18

intellectual and industrial mimicry131–2, 137

internal migrations45–6

International Monetary Fund (IMF)4, 43, 44, 227, 487, 488, 501, 504, 505–6, 579, 735
Balance of Payments Manuals700

interplay between colonial origins and postcolonial institutions in shaping long-term outcomes80, 80–1
Anglophone minority advocating for federalism64
centralized state64, 65, 70, 88
colonial era63, 67
British Cameroons (1916–1961)67, 68f, 68–9
French Cameroons (1916–1960)67, 68f, 68, 69
German Kamerun (1884–1916)67, 68f
UN plebiscite69
data sources for the empirical investigation93
ethnicity level data71, 73f, 73
individual level data70–71
pixel-level data73–4
descriptive statistics72t
educational attainment65
employment65
estimation strategy74–5
historical background
colonial era67–9
Francophone-dominated post-independence era69–70
reunification69
institutional differences between colonial powers64
marginalization of Anglophones88
outcomes75, 87–8
Anglophone minority comparison with Nigerian co-ethnics66, 85–7, 88
before and after the 1961 reunification82–5
completion of primary education76f, 76, 77t, 78, 82, 83t, 84, 85, 86t
completion of secondary education76f, 76, 77t, 78, 82, 83–4t, 84, 85, 86t
distance to the British-French border, correlation with75–80, 81, 87
employment in the non-agricultural sector76, 78f, 79, 80t, 86t, 87
infant mortality65, 76, 78f, 79, 80, 81t, 86t, 87
predominance of the Francophone system64–5
research study65

investment code38, 39

Ismaïla508–9

job competition model361

job-training programs690–92

Kahasha, G.441–54

Kakeu, J.649–62

Kemedjio, C.731–52

Kenkouo, G. A.527–46

Keutiben, O.611–22, 623–34, 635–48

Kilolo, J.-M. M.249–60

Kom, A.127–40

labor market4, 12, 301, 302–3, 317, 319, 675, 676
age disparities310, 311, 313f
demographic trends and labor supply303–4
determinants of earnings317, 318t
determinants of labor force participation and employment314–15, 316t, 322t
employment rate306, 307f, 307
gender disparities309, 310, 311f
household enterprise sector677
informal sector301, 302, 305, 308, 309, 311, 319, 677
labor force participation306, 307f, 307, 677
returns to education363, 364t, 364
non-wage employment676
not in education, employment, or training (NEET)677
quality of employment312, 313
correlation with education levels313, 314t
school-to-work transition311–12
sectoral composition of employment304, 306f
sectoral distribution of formal and informal firms and jobs472, 473t
share of vulnerable employment306, 307f, 307, 676
skills mismatches688, 690
skills shortages688
spatial disparities308
regional disparities308, 309, 310t
urban-rural divide308, 309f
structural transformation and labor demand304, 305
underemployment304, 305, 307, 311, 676, 677, 678
unemployment306, 307f, 307, 676, 677, 678, 683
youth employment693 See also informal labor market

labor productivity growth
structural transformation, contribution of234–5, 236t, 236, 237f, 237, 238f, 238, 242–3

Laffer curve360

Landry Bikai, J.527–46

legal system137

Lemven Wirba, E.323–40

Lewis, W.106

“L’Homme Lion”56

Lighthouse25

literature on the economy of Cameroon
disconnect between stated knowledge and economic reality143
extraverted structure143–4
incorrect methodologies145
problem of the size of the economy142–3
informal sector, need for inclusion of142–3

Longkeng, C.119–26

Mabeu, M. C.63–94

macroeconomic objective of achieving and maintaining internal balance and external balance14–16

mail service134

Malah Kuete, Y.227–48

mange-mil599, 601f

manufacturing exports663, 664, 665
estimating the impact of electricity shortages
data and variables667
empirical strategy and modelling framework665–7
findings667–71, 672t
high-technology exports724f
ICT goods exports725f

manufacturing sector5, 229, 230f, 230
contribution of the sector to the country’s GDP664, 665
electricity supply, importance of663–4, 671, 672
globalization of manufacturing679–80

“martyrs of democracy”57

Mastaki, J.-L. N.249–60

Mata, A.457–68

Mbaye, A. A.563–78

Mbohou Mama, M.527–46

Mbue, I.733, 741–2, 743, 744

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)731, 732

Mehler, A.51–62

Menjo Baye, F.323–40

Merrick, J.33, 34

microfinance sector134, 529, 530t, 530–31

micro-sensations23–4

migration45, 695, 696
brain drain706
determinants of696–7
diasporas’ contributions to their home country707
global welfare gains706
internal migrations45–6
trends in697–8, 698f, 699 See also remittances

Mincer Model358–9

mobile banking553, 553f, 554

monetary policy527, 531–3, 538, 539f
transmission mechanisms539–40, 541

monetary poverty See poverty

money laundering701

money transfers134

Monga, C.1–26, 95–118, 361, 481–500, 513, 658, 675–94

motorcycles132

MSF731, 732

Mukum Mbaku, J.29–50

multidimensional poverty See poverty

multiparty politics30–31

Muñoz, J.-M.501–12

Myerson, R. B.385–92

Nana Francois, J.457–68

National Development Strategy (SND30)199, 229, 234

National Governance Program (PNG)487

nationalism2

nations
concept of2–3

natural capital See natural resources

natural resources3, 19–20, 184, 186, 187, 188f, 188, 189t, 611, 623
Cameroon Natural Resource Trust Fund657–8
non-renewable resources611
renewable resources611
“resource curse”40, 644
resource economics611
sustainable use of649 See also non-renewable resources; See also renewable resources

“negotiated independence”762–3

neo-colonialism757, 763

net foreign assets184

Network Readiness Index 2019714, 716t, 721

New Public Management (NPM)580, 584f, 584–5, 586

Nguimkeu, P.469–80

Nkot, F.141–8

Nlep, R. G.100, 101

Nobel Peace Prize731

non-renewable resources611, 623
Hotelling’s Rule612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 618, 624, 632
direct empirical test of the Hotelling model627–32
indirect empirical test of the Hotelling model625–7
stock effects and technological changes624–5
importance to the economy623–4
optimal extraction path611, 612
different resource grades616, 617f, 617
extraction cost as a function of time and cumulative extraction617–18
monopolistic extraction615, 616f
perfectly competitive extraction industry614, 615, 616f
social welfare aspect612–14, 652–4
stocks and capital goods
conceptual framework651–4
market pricing metric650, 656, 657
shadow pricing metric650, 653, 654–5, 656, 657, 660–61 See also oil revenue management

non-wage employment676

nostalgia23, 24

Noumba, I.393–410

Noumba Um, P.197–226

NPM580, 584f, 584–5, 586

Ntembe, A.411–26

oil revenue management40–41, 636–7, 639–40
accountability, governance and transparency640–41, 644, 645
institutional infrastructure, problem of641, 643, 644, 645, 646
investment in the domestic economy638, 645
monetary arrangement between Cameroon and France, problem of645
oil code640
Société nationale des hydrocarbures (SNH)640
sovereign wealth funds637, 639, 645
special fiscal institutions, role of638–9
budgetary oil prices639
fiscal rules639

Oldiges, C.151–82

Ondoua, V.579–94

open-list proportional representation388

Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI)152

parastatals38, 39, 40

patrimonial politics55–6

PDIsee Plan Directeur d’Industralisation

Pedro, A.249–60

pension fund industry533

personalization of power55–6, 59

petrodollars485, 486

“petty corruption”605

philosophy of African development758

“Picot Line”67

Plan Directeur d’Industralisation (PDI)249, 251, 252, 257, 258
share of PDI sectors in total exports251f See also economic diversification

planned liberalism38–9

politico-military entrepreneurs54–5

politique d’assimilation37

politique d’association37

Pongu, R.63–94

populism97

ports203

poverty9–10, 152–3, 175–7
measurement of monetary poverty152, 154, 155
FGT-class of poverty measures152
household consumption surveys152, 155
measurement of multidimensional poverty152, 154, 155
Alkire-Foster counting method152
Demographic and Health Surveys152, 155
monetary poverty153
determinants of181t
farmer households156
gender disparities156
levels and trends156, 157t, 158, 159t, 163, 164, 165f, 165, 166, 167f, 168f, 176
regional decomposition156, 158, 164, 166, 168f
rural and urban areas156
multidimensional poverty152, 153
determinants of182t
levels and trends158, 159, 160t, 161t, 161, 162f, 163f, 163, 164f, 164, 165f, 165, 166f, 166, 167, 168, 169f, 169, 170f, 176
regional decomposition159, 161, 162f, 163f, 164, 166f
rural and urban areas159
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)152, 154, 155
Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative152
policies for poverty reduction153
poverty rate151
probability of being poor169, 171–2
agro-ecological zones171–2
household size172
membership of associations172
poverty reducing effect of education171
working in agriculture171
structural factors affecting poverty172
allocation of public expenditures174
conflicts and security concerns174–5, 177
demographic transition172–3, 176
priority areas for poverty reduction176–7
public policies effectiveness174, 177
structural transformation of the economy173–4, 176
urbanisation177

power sector203–4 See also electricity supply; See also infrastructure

pozzolana615

produced capital184, 189, 190f, 190

productivity growth
returns to education356–7

protectionist policies262

public administration579
changes to the governance model580, 581f, 581
governance model under the adjustment policies583
NPM philosophy584f, 584–5, 586
pre-colonial governance models581
Weberian governance model581–3
proposed new governance model
circulation model588–9
communitarian principles and values589, 590
hybridization588
ideology586–8
unsuitability of governance models580, 585, 586, 590

public consumption See government consumption

public debt16–17, 481, 482, 521, 524
“debt crisis”481, 482
debt relief schemes488, 490
debt sustainability analysis490–94, 497
historical origins483–4, 485–7, 487–8
IMF-World Bank programs487, 488
making decisions under duress481–2
National Governance Program487
policy guidelines for managing public debt494–7, 498
ratings changes482, 483
role of483, 497
shift in the composition of debt483–4

public-private partnerships (PPPs)207, 208f

public securities market540, 541, 542f

public works programs683, 684

Queiroz, M. M.713–30

railways202–3

Razel Cameroun505

régime de l’indigénat37

regional disparities in labor market308, 309, 310t

regional taxation policies
evaluating the impact on entrepreneurship, informality and firm productivity477–9
model and data471–2
policy simulations473–7

regional trade integration265, 266t, 266, 267, 268f, 268, 269t, 270, 278
AfCFTA243, 265
CEMAC267, 268
ECCAS265, 266, 267t, 267, 268

regional value chains (RVCs)258, 270, 278

remittances695, 696, 697
cost of remittance transactions701
definitions of699, 700
determinants of705
estimation of remittances702–4
household survey data703
time series analysis703–4
formal and informal channels700–701
macroeconomic implications706
measurement of701–2
microeconomic implications704–5
money laundering701
terrorism financing701
trends in remittance inflows699f, 699, 700f

renewable resources611
optimal management of
forests618–20

reparations98, 99, 100

returns to education355, 356, 357, 365–6
human capital theory356, 360–61
job competition model361
Laffer curve360
Mincer Model358–9
negative returns to education360–61
non-Mincerian models359
productivity growth356–7
research study
descriptive statistics363t, 363
earnings equations364, 365t
empirical strategy362, 363
labor market participation363, 364t, 364
screening theory357, 358

roads infrastructure133, 201, 202t, 202

Robins, S.427–40

Sachs, J.732, 734, 735, 737

Saker, A.33, 34, 45

SAPs See structural adjustment programs

SAPZs448–51, 686, 687

screening theory357, 358

SDGs See Sustainable Development Goals

security and conflicts175, 177, 492–3

self-assessment507–8, 509

separation of powers46

SEZs685, 686–7

SFIs See special fiscal institutions

shadow pricing metric650, 653, 654–5, 656, 657, 660–61

shared power759–61

shift-share analysis234–5

shock therapy734–5, 737

Sia, D.427–40

Sieleunou, I.427–40

skills enhancement zones688–9, 690

skills mismatches688, 690

skills shortages361, 688

small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
agents of socio-economic development, as548
business promoter’s gender by regions549t, 549
extent of sector549
financing17, 547, 550
access to finance554–5
access to investment financing by size of firm550f, 550, 551
access to working capital financing by size of firm550f, 550, 551
bank checking or saving accounts551
bank financing552, 553, 560
collateral demands551f, 551
policy suggestions560
specialized institutions548
owners belonging to informal groups551–2
research on financing
correlation between the size of the firm and sources of financing557t, 557, 558t, 558
estimated results555–60
estimation method, data, and variables555, 556t
factors affecting bank financing558, 559t, 559–60
ownership of businesses556, 557t
sources of funds for working capital555, 557t

Social Dimension of Adjustment (SDA)735

socialization21–2

Société nationale des hydrocarbures (SNH)640

Sodecoton503

Song-Ntamack, S. A.341–54

Sorgho, Z.261–82

sovereign wealth funds (SWFs)637, 639, 645

Special Agro-Industrial Processing Zones (SAPZs)448–51, 686, 687

special economic zones (SEZs)685, 686–7

special fiscal institutions (SFIs), role of638–9
budgetary oil prices639
fiscal rules639

sticky floor324, 325, 326, 332, 334, 337

structural adjustment programs (SAPs)262, 263, 599, 735, 754, 755, 756

structural transformation8–9, 10, 227, 228–9, 261
characteristics of
comparative advantages232, 234
economic complexity index232f, 232, 233f, 234
evolution of exports231f, 231, 232f, 232
low economic diversification230, 231f, 231
poorly developed manufacturing sector229, 230f, 230
contribution to labor productivity growth234–5, 236t, 236, 237f, 237, 238f, 238, 242–3
determinants of238–9, 240t, 240–42, 243, 246t, 247t
corruption241–2
exchange rate241
human capital240
negative effect in the exports of agricultural and mining commodities240–41
trade openness241
economic policy proposals243
labor demand, and304, 305
structural weaknesses228

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)151, 152, 249, 283, 416, 429, 701

SWFs637, 639, 645

System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA)650, 657

Tatoutchoup, D.611–22, 623–34, 635–48

Tawah, R.547–62

taxation
bargaining process508, 509
self-assessment507–8, 509
taxpaying categories510
tax reforms502 See also regional taxation policies; See also value-added tax

Tchana, F.183–96

Tchouaket Nguemeleu, E.427–40

Tchuente, G.371–84

Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation for the Savannah (TAAT-S)451–2

Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation (TAAT) program446–8

Tenikue, M.283–300

Terminator 2: Judgment Day 481482

“terror economies”741

terrorism financing701

Thorbecke, E.152

tontines128, 551, 567

trade
evolution of Cameroon’s trade262, 263f, 263, 264f, 264–5
CEMAC263
diversification262, 269–70
foreign direct investments263, 264
protectionist policies262
structural adjustment programs262, 263
regional integration265, 266t, 266, 267, 268f, 268, 269t, 270, 278
AfCFTA243, 265
CEMAC267, 268
ECCAS265, 266, 267t, 267, 268
regional value chains258, 270, 278
trade costs265, 270–71, 278
trade facilitation271, 272f, 272, 273t, 273, 274f, 274, 275f, 275, 278
impact on trade costs275–6, 277t, 277, 278
Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA)273, 274, 275, 276, 277–8
trade openness241

“Train of the North”762

transport infrastructure
city-level impacts, and215, 216t, 216, 217t, 218t, 225t
country-level GDP, and211, 212t, 212, 213t, 213, 214t
firm-level impacts213, 214, 215t
ports and airports203
railways202–3
roads network133, 201, 202t, 202 See also infrastructure

“tyranny of corruption” and underdevelopment603, 604, 605

underemployment304, 305, 307, 311, 361, 676, 677, 678

under-five mortality rate420, 422, 423, 423t

unemployment306, 307f, 307, 676, 677, 678, 683

Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC)54, 68

United States
racial gap98–9
reparations based on ethnicity98, 99

validity of the territory2

value-added tax (VAT)501–2, 509
VAT withholding502–3, 504, 507, 509–10
citizen enterprises504–6, 510

claiming refunds503, 506, 507, 508, 509

“Vision 2035”197

von Puttkamer, J.35

von Soden, J.34, 35

wage subsidies683

Wamba, S. F.713–30

wealth of Cameroon
business environment194, 195
economic ranking193t
government functions194, 195
human capital191, 192f, 192, 195
institutional framework193, 194
natural capital186, 187, 188f, 188, 189t
produced capital189, 190f, 190
share of assets186f, 186, 187f
transformation of natural capital into produced and human capital193, 194–5

wealth of nations183–4
calculation of wealth184, 185
domestic assets184
human capital184
natural capital184
net foreign assets184
produced capital184
international comparison185t, 185, 186, 193
human capital192f
produced capital190f
share of total wealth187f

“Wealth Project”184

Weberian governance model581–3

Woermann, A.34, 35

World Bank15, 43, 44, 190, 487, 488, 702, 703, 720, 756
Doing Business686

Yameogo, N. D.695–712

youth
definitions of287, 288–9
demographic dividends289, 292, 293
development equations
demographic equation and the promise of a dividend292–4
economic equation and the promise of a productive generation290, 291–2
political equation and the lure of co-optation296–7
sociological equation and the spectre of divergence294, 295–6
development potential of284
employment693
“encadrement” of youth297–8
methodological tool for forecasting the future of African societies
case studies286–7
forecasting methods284–5
generational reproduction285
substantive hypothesis285–6
training programs684
youth bulge289, 296–7

Zamo-Akono, C.341–54

zoomorphism599, 600, 602f