The Oxford Handbook of Free Will (2nd edn)
Published online:
18 September 2012
Published in print:
27 July 2011
Online ISBN:
9780199940387
Print ISBN:
9780195399691
Contents
End Matter
Index
-
Published:July 2011
Annotate
Cite
'Index', in Robert Kane (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, 2nd edn, Oxford Handbooks (2011; online edn, Oxford Academic, 18 Sept. 2012), https://doi.org/, accessed 3 May 2025.
Subject
Philosophy
Series
Oxford Handbooks
Collection:
Oxford Handbooks Online
621Index
- Aaron, Hank169
- ability11, 123, 383. See also broad ability; See also causal ability
- all-in ability155
- for autonomy528
- conditional analysis of166
- dispositional analysis of166–67
- first-person159
- freedom and515
- sense of will369
- absolute prediction85
- abstract conditions, moral responsibility in532–34
- abuse424
- AC. See agent causation
- acquired sociopathy526
- action245–47, 318–19. See also English-language action theory; See also free actions; See also human action; See also intentional action; See also self-forming actions
- actionally accessible269
- actionally inaccessible269
- action-based desert438
- without causation349–65
- conscious decisions and502–5
- constraints of106
- elicited352
- endorsement of491–92
- freedom modifying178–79
- governing358
- Hobbes theory legacy353–57
- mechanism of190
- mental267
- moral responsibility for364
- perception of513
- reasons-based315–17
- theory353–57
- traditional22
- version, in Frankfurt-type examples or cases246
- actions are datable, agents are not objection318–19
- active blaming212–13
- activeness, of intentional action335
- active power334–35
- activity182
- Adams, Robert51
- Adler, Mortimer456
- affective consciousness453
- affirmation452
- agency31. See also free agency
- complexity theory, control and395–98
- conception468–69
- control395–98
- deliberative177
- fundamentality335
- identification and187
- metaphysics of467
- preserving411
- agent causation (AC)20, 183, 327, 1, 329–30, 335–36, 395–96
- actions are datable, agents are not objection318–19
- Clarke on313–19
- co-causation in345
- EC and313–15
- failure25
- metaphysical commitments312–13
- motivation for309–12
- no-explanation objection322–23
- no-more-power objection397
- objections to21
- ontological commitments312–13
- probabilistically governed agent causation is insufficient for freedom objection325–26
- reasons-based action and315–17
- Rollback Argument objection323–24
- self-creation is impossible objection320–21
- strengthened luck objection324–25
- teleological explanations310
- theories of313–17
- uniformity of causal power objection319–20
- agents318–19
- authority186
- coercion367
- as compositionally irreducible substances312–13
- enduring through time312
- in Frankfurt-type examples or cases259–60
- God as supreme313
- judgment185
- in moral responsibility260
- preferences332
- responsibility531–32
- Albert, David68
- Allefeld, C.109
- all-in ability155
- all-in-sense of can262
- Alston, William52
- alternative possibilities (AP)272
- abandoning50
- causal determinism and243
- Compatibility Question with UR382–86
- genuine249
- for libertarian free will43
- need for384
- not required, in divine foreknowledge solution48–49
- requirement for pro tanto reasons292–301
- robust261
- alternativism516
- Alvarez, Maria259
- analysis447. See also conditional analysis
- actual-sequence198
- compatibilism163–66
- psychoanalysis8
- analyticity222
- answerability, in moral responsibility408
- anterior cingulate cortex523
- anticipation-discounting dilemma525
- AP. See alternative possibilities
- Aquinas, Thomas455
- arbitria voluntatis401
- armchair reflection466
- Armstrong, David314
- attempts393
- attitudes. See also reactive attitudes
- changing529
- towards moral responsibility517
- objectivity of202–3
- personal565
- of preferences371
- prior pro359
- pro-attitudes22
- retributive reactive408
- toward moral responsibility517
- toward wrongdoing423–24
- attractors75
- attributes, moral responsibility531
- Augustinian-Calvinist model, in divine foreknowledge50
- Augustinianism52
- authenticity371
- automaticity of being521
- automatisms509
- autonomy19, 22, 198, 16, 321, 366, 377, 528, 572. See also coherence theory of autonomy; See also freedom
- abilities for528
- as free will issue3
- human life370
- individual534
- natural516–17
- personal368–69
- possibility and367
- structural account371
- avoidability11
- Ayer, A. J.367
- backward-looking retribution466
- Baker, Lynne410
- Bayesian probability229
- Bayne, T.511
- BCIs. See Brain-Computer Interfaces
- beauty420
- Beck, F.107–8
- behavior. See also human action; See also human behavior
- control of530–31
- involuntary252
- involuntary behavior250
- of matter67–68
- mechanisms of510
- utilization509
- beim Graben, P.109
- beliefs344, 350, 360, 552
- changing529
- falsity of436
- in libertarian free will439
- norms of196
- objects and357–58
- past44–46
- Bennett, Jonathan464
- Berkeley, George313
- Bird, Alexander161
- Bishop, John310
- Blair, Tony452
- blameworthiness presupposes wrongness (BO)289
- blind necessity134
- blind possibility134
- Block, Ned454
- block-universe determinism86
- Bohm's interpretation of quantum mechanics68–71. See also hidden variables theory
- Bolt, Usain172
- Bounded Rationality Theory171
- bounds of self
- free will and530–53
- psychological conception of self538–39
- self and cognitive science in549–52
- shifting perspectives of self in541–43
- studies543–49
- understanding scientific threat to free will534–36
- brain activity520
- Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs)520
- brain functions92–93, 391–92, 447. See also mental causation; See also neuroscience
- Darwinian theories516
- theories517
- Brass, M.520
- A Brief History of Time (Hawking)64–65
- Broad, C. D.318
- Brueckner, Anthony125–26
- Buffer Zone Frankfurt-type examples or cases253
- Burge, Tyler454
- bypassing32, 294, 560–62, 573, 9
- judgments567–68
- measuring565–69
- mechanisms563–65
- studies563–71
- testing competent folk569–71
- as true573
- Campbell, A.311
- Campbell, C. A.20
- Campbell, Joseph124–26
- can10, 120, 157, 230, 9
- all-in-sense of262
- in Consequence Argument167
- interpretation of power11–13
- interpretations383
- nonconditional conceptions of462
- capability. See ability
- Carlson, Erik119–20
- causal antireductionism313
- causal Bayesian networks229
- causal circumstance443–45
- causal closure of physics (CoP)7, 94–95
- defined102
- free will and101–10
- for free will debate102
- perspectives109–10
- quantum indeterminism107–8
- relativistic fatalism and106–7
- as typicality condition102–3
- causal determination exonerates (CDE)278–79
- causal determinism86, 121, 251, 264, 10, 311, 407, 411
- AP and243
- in Frankfurt-type examples or cases253–57
- freedom and368
- liberty and370
- moral responsibility and263
- as true410
- UE as86
- causal insufficiency227
- Causality (Pearl)229–31
- causal openness373
- causal reasoning445
- causal sufficiency227
- causal tendency316
- causation16, 325–26, 443. See also agent causation; See also event causation; See also locality of causation; See also noncausalism; See also probabilistic causation
- action without349–65
- Aristotelian formal22
- centered event22
- co-causation of events345
- conception of545–46
- deliberative event22–23
- efficient351–52
- freedom without349–65
- Hume on443
- nonreductive views of345
- power and362–65
- purposiveness and350–62
- causes
- of change252
- choice-cause544
- datedness345–46
- effects of362
- emotion-cause544
- production of350
- of SFAs384
- sufficient385
- CCFs. See counterfactuals of creaturely freedom
- CDE. See causal determination exonerates
- centered event causation22
- cerebral cortex500. See also prefrontal cortex
- Chalmers, David72
- chance364, 491. See also luck
- future and375
- indeterminism and390–92
- libertarianism and377
- mysterianism and374–77
- outcomes492
- pattern493
- powers of375
- premises in375–76
- as purposeless376
- revisiting393–95
- time dependent485–87
- Choi, Sungho160–62
- choice243, 351, 389, 391, 521–22, 544. See also decisions; See also free choice; See also self-forming choice
- godlike207
- human91
- immoral321
- moral vs. self-interested390
- point232–33
- reflective321
- responsibility398
- choice-cause544
- Christianity39
- classical physics. See also causal closure of physics; See also quantum mechanics; See also science
- determinism and84–87
- observable properties59
- reductionism71
- closure of the physical104
- CNV. See contingent negative variation
- co-causation of events345
- cognitive control523
- cognitive neuroscience
- of morality526–27
- of norms526–27
- of values526–27
- of volition and intention522–26
- willpower in523
- cognitive processes534
- coincidence416
- commanding-faculty, soul as539
- commitments, in AC312–13
- compatibilism513
- alternative response to Consequence Argument138–43
- argumentative burdens176
- classical interpretations of11–13
- Consequence Argument challenging131–36
- defined176
- desert in429–30
- dispositional analysis and157–58
- of Hume555
- justice429–30
- Kant on464
- leeway195
- Lewis analysis163–66
- masked abilities in166–68
- moral responsibility and218
- new approaches to freedom and responsibility13–16
- nonconditionalist170–73
- not securing free will572–73
- reasoning108
- skepticism against409–13
- standard response to Consequence Argument136–38
- as thesis of possibilities572
- utilitarian207
- compatibilist justice429–30
- Compatibility Question9–11, 24
- AP and UR382–86
- in free will debate9
- Fundamental Dualism as answer439
- revisionism and458–61
- complacency429
- complete control142
- completeness102, 227, 447–48. See also causal completeness
- compositionally irreducible substances312–13
- compunction435
- computer technology244, 503, 508–9, 549–51. See also Brain-Computer Interfaces; See also chess playing computer programs; See also Laplacean supercomputer
- conceptual truth171
- conclusion
- Frankfurt-friendly libertarianism283
- incompatibilist124
- mysterianism485
- ultimate, as threat to responsibility434
- concrete conditions, moral responsibility in532–33
- conditional connection443
- confabulating521–22
- connotational revisionism462–63
- conscious intentions519–20
- consciousness4, 27, 447, 516
- affective453
- perceptual453–55
- QM and57–83
- reflective453
- Wegner's studies508–10
- window of opportunity in500
- Consequence Argument28, 188, 236–37, 368, 374, 383, 459
- alternative compatibilism response to138–43
- Beta blocking118–21
- burden of proof126
- can in167
- causal ability134
- closure principles143–46
- compatibilism challenged by131–36
- defenders171–72
- development116–18
- efficacy requirement139
- finessing fixities121–24
- meta-philosophical values128
- nondelivery complaining against124–27
- practical modalities143–46
- presumed openness in139–40
- proponents understanding115
- reasoning145
- showing truth of determinism116
- standard compatibilism response to136–38
- Transfer Consequence118
- transfer principles in132–36
- versions87
- consistent histories interpretation66
- contingent negative variation (CNV)519
- contractualism462
- control3, 31. See also guidance control; See also self-control
- agency, complexity theory and395–98
- basic142
- of behavior530–31
- cognitive523
- complete142
- covert382
- deontic294–95
- dilemmas525–426
- divine providence49–50
- dual339–40
- in EC21
- ethical requirement437
- Frankfurt-type examples or cases17
- parameters525
- CoP. See causal closure of physics
- corpus callosum523
- counterfactual power148, 13, 190
- abandoning153–54
- as divine foreknowledge solution45–46
- Fischer and Ravizza Theory and195
- counterfactuals443, 488, 492
- backtracking137
- circumstance282
- conditions for148
- in determinism225–26
- guidance control and195
- Hume and226
- logic121
- semantics121
- sustaining170
- testing190
- Counterfactuals (Lewis)225
- covert control382
- cranialisms454
- credit408
- criminal liability3
- cross-cultural tendency, in moral responsibility534
- Danger of Retrospective Dissociation435
- Danger of Worthlessness435
- Darwin, Charles516
- Darwinian theories of brain functions516
- Davis, Wayne310
- DD. See differential dynamics
- Death of a Salesman455
- decide signal505
- decisions. See also choice; See also conscious decisions; See also torn decision
- complex527
- desires explaining360–61
- function of362
- indeterminism in374
- judgment and332
- reasons and336
- unalterability171
- Deliberation-Freedom Thesis480–81
- deliberative event causation22–23
- Demetriou, Kristin410
- denotational revisionism462–63
- desires183–84, 344, 350, 540, 545, 552. See also volition
- embraced451
- explaining decisions360–61
- higher-order186
- norms of184
- objects and357–58
- persons and178
- Platonic opposition between reason/desire14
- determination4, 95. See also overdetermination
- reference462
- ultimate39
- determinism534–35. See also causal determinism; See also hard determinism; See also Laplacean vision of physical determinism
- vs. indeterminism in free will debate5
- absolute prediction (AP)85
- Big Bang theory and87
- blameworthiness in290
- block-universe86
- change and61
- compatibility/incompatibility debate and5
- Consequence Argument showing truth of116
- could have done otherwise in221
- counterfactuals in225–26
- DD85–87
- defined176
- Dennett on221–37
- effects in442–43
- in empirical philosophy515
- epistemology in110
- falsity of421
- fixed laws86–87
- future in289
- historical doctrines of5
- Honderich on442–56
- human453
- IRR vs.278–79
- judgment in558
- macro448
- obligation and303–4
- premises10
- problem posed in452–53
- propositions153
- QM and446–48
- science and5–9
- soft24
- subtleties94
- as true333
- understanding132
- VD85–87
- dialectical stalemates556
- difference argument332
- differential dynamics (DD)85–87
- dignity3
- dilemmas
- anticipation-discounting525
- control525–26
- defense413
- exploration-exploitation525
- moral526
- in probabilistic causation445
- for proponents of Frankfurt-type examples or cases251–52
- selection-monitoring525
- shielding-shifting525
- Diodoran principle134
- discrimination424
- dispositional analysis13, 147, 6 See also finkish disposition
- of ability166–67
- compatibilism and157–58
- Lewis158
- masked disposition159–61
- mimicking in159–61
- recent literature158–62
- dissociation, retrospective435
- distal intentions501
- divine command theory of morality461–62
- divine foreknowledge. See also simple foreknowledge
- alternative possibilities not required solution48–49
- Augustinian-Calvinist model in50
- counterfactual power solution45–46
- denying necessity of past solution46–48
- as free will issue4
- human action solution43–44
- reconciliation question40
- source question40
- divine omniscience39
- divine perfection39
- Divine Providence (Flint)44
- divine providential governance39
- divine timelessness42–43
- dopamine525
- Doris, John196
- doubling, in self-forming choice390–91
- doxastic possibility141
- Doyle, Bob23
- Dretske, Fred313
- drives539
- dual control339–40
- dualism77. See also Fundamental Dualism
- optimist219
- pessimist dualism219
- dualist theory77
- dual-process theory527
- dual regress, of free will385
- dual voluntariness260
- dynamical systems theory396. See also complexity theory
- Earman, John446
- EC. See event causation
- economy of intuitions427
- Eddington, Arthur58
- Edwards, Jonathan43
- effects
- causes of362
- in determinism442–43
- of motivation362
- quantum Zeno effect76
- whatever-else understanding443
- efficacy requirement, in Consequence Argument139
- ego depletion524
- electromyogram (EMG)500
- EMG. See electromyogram
- emotion-cause544
- empathy528
- The Emperor's New Mind (Penrose)58
- endeavorings393–96
- essences222
- ethics3, 428, 470. See also metaethics; See also neuroethics
- evaluative judgment185–86
- event causation (EC)20
- AC and313–14
- co-causation in345
- control in21
- deliberative22–23
- indeterminist theory of free actions363–74
- Mele on21–22
- event-individuation248–49
- event-universals245–46
- evolution. See also unique evolution
- development79–83
- history9
- theory442
- exact access148
- exclusivity principle522
- expectation208
- expert intuition557
- explanandum351
- explanans351
- explanatory depth466
- exploration-exploitation dilemmas525
- external impediments168–70
- externalisms454
- externally focused cognition522
- external responsibility143
- facilitated communication508–9
- Feinberg, Joel169
- Fine, Kit226
- first-person ability159
- first-person propositions52
- Fischer, John Martin
- Fischer and Ravizza Theory189–96
- Fischer and Ravizza Theory
- counterfactual power and195
- manipulation and194
- mechanisms and192–93
- ownership and194
- reactivity and192
- as reasons-responsive theory189–96
- receptivity and192
- subjectivity and194–95
- fixed laws86–87
- folk free will471
- foreknowledge, simple50. See also divine foreknowledge
- formalism222
- four-dimensionalism43
- Frankfurt-friendly libertarianism18, 48
- conclusion283
- dialectical interlude264–75
- introduction266–68
- IRR in268–73
- IRR vs. determinism278–79
- morally significant alternative273–74
- objections and replies279–83
- Frankfurt's Hierarchical Theory
- accounting for freedom with unharmonious mesh181–82
- explaining identification182–84
- handling manipulation cases180–81
- as mesh theory178–84
- Frankfurt-type examples or cases166, 188, 413, 459, 556
- action-version246
- agent in259–60
- assumption of causal determinism253–57
- assumption of indeterminism252–53
- Buffer Zone253
- controller in17
- dilemma for proponents251–52
- divide and conquer response245–51
- IRR situations and270–73
- in moral responsibility16–19
- nonstandard response261–62
- obligation and288–304
- omissions version246–47
- Pereboom and252–53
- reason and288–304
- standard response to259–61
- freedom16, 72, 110, 266, 530. See also autonomy
- ability and515
- causal determinism and368
- without causation349–65
- compatibilist approaches to13–16
- compulsion and562
- defined11–12
- features of366–72
- Frankfurt's Hierarchical Theory accounting for181–82
- as free will issue4
- hypothetical analysis of12
- logic of219
- modifying action178–79
- modifying will178–79
- nature3
- noncausalism and349–65
- planning theory14–15
- purposiveness and350–53
- reactive attitude theories15–16
- self-determination in366–68
- subjective experience of520
- valuation theories14–15
- freedom condition for moral blame (FC)266
- free will
- autonomy as issue3
- bounds of self and530–53
- compatibilism not securing572–73
- conflicting views about persons4–5
- CoP and101–10
- divine foreknowledge as issue4
- dual regress of385
- empirical philosophy and29–32
- folk471
- free actions vs.384
- freedom as issue4
- Intelligibility Question of19–24
- libertarianism theories of19–21
- mysterianism unfounded366–78
- necessity as issue4–5
- neuroscience and29–32
- philosophy as issue3
- psychology and29–32
- reactive attitudes and200–204
- science and499–514
- self-control as issue3
- simpliciter115
- Strawson on200–204
- theological dimensions32–33
- Wegner on512–14
- Free Will (Ekstrom)373
- Free Will and Illusion (Smilansky)425
- free will debate
- Compatibility Question9
- CoP for102
- indeterminism vs. determinism5
- Intelligibility Question in20
- intractability of468
- mental causation in7
- normative interpretation of208
- overintellectualizing201
- QM in59
- theological dimensions32–33
- UR in384
- free-will skepticism, meaning of life and407–24
- functional causal models229
- Fundamental Dualism26. See also illusionism
- as Compatibility Question answer439
- perspective431–33
- preliminaries425–27
- future6, 524–25
- alternative48
- chance and375
- in determinism289
- Present Danger of the Future Retrospective Excuse434
- unique176
- future-oriented intentions524–25
- Gell-Mann, Murray65
- generosity528
- Generosity: An Enhancement (Powers)517–18
- Gershwin, George82
- gestalts82
- God5, 52, 86–87, 207, 323. See also divine foreknowledge
- accidental necessity and44
- creating universe485–89
- divine timelessness42–43
- middle knowledge33
- mysterianism and374
- past beliefs44–46
- as supreme agent313
- Gödel's theorem73
- godlike choice207
- The God Who Risks (Sanders)52
- Gollwitzer, P.524
- Goode, M.504
- good will430
- go signal504–5
- Governance Theory of Laws171
- Graham, N.67–68
- ground, for truth203
- Gundersen, Lars160–61
- gut feelings527
- Hagen, Scott77
- hard incompatibilism215–19, 220, 3, 416, 471, 1
- accepting421
- forgiveness in422
- good in423–24
- gratitude in423
- Pereboom and25–26
- as true419–20
- wrongdoing and417–19
- Harris, Robert215
- Hartshorne, Charles51
- hate424
- Hawking, Stephen64–65
- Hawthorne, John492
- Haynes, J. D.520
- Heckhausen, H.524
- Hegel455
- Heinze, H. J.520
- Heller, Mark465
- Helm, Paul43
- higher-order desires186
- histories64–65. See also causal histories
- consistent histories interpretation66
- evolution9
- historical dimension of moral responsibility181
- historical doctrines of determinism5
- pessimism215–19
- skepticism215–19
- Hobbs, Jesse91
- holism, nonlocality and72
- How the Self Controls Its Brain (Eccles)59
- human action
- conditions for101
- as divine foreknowledge solution43–44
- intentional138–39
- sources of531
- theorizing in96
- worry about535–36
- human choice91
- human condition432–33
- human determinism453
- human rationality80–81
- Hume, David12
- arguments80
- on causation443–45
- compatibilism of555
- counterfactuals and226
- on liberty367
- moral sense219
- on stoicism470
- Hurley, Susan465–68
- hypothetical analysis, of freedom12
- The Idea of Freedom (Adler)456
- identity428
- ignorance293
- illusionism26. See also Fundamental Dualism
- defined436
- function of438–39
- in human life440
- problem requiring433–35
- rejecting437
- as solution436–39
- The Illusion of Conscious Will (Wegner)30
- The Illusion of Romantic Love (Wegner)512
- immoral choice321
- impossible essences466–67
- impulsivity525
- inadvertent circumstances389
- incapacitated205
- incompatibilism383. See also hard incompatibilism; See also source incompatibilism
- actual-sequence263
- arguments against516
- arguments for9–11
- defined176
- Intelligibility Question of19–24
- reasoning128
- standard rejection165–66
- independence227
- indeterminism5, 8, 534–35
- vs. determinism in free will debate5
- arbitrariness426
- chance, efforts, introspection and390–92
- chaos theory and84–96
- in decisions374
- EC theory of free actions363–74
- Endorsement Argument in490–94
- in Frankfurt-type examples or cases252–53
- libertarianism and331–32
- outcomes60–61
- phenomena322
- Rollback Argument in484–87
- teleological process393–94
- from tension389
- individual autonomy534
- informal predicates223–24
- informational structures74–75
- innocence, moral433–34
- Intelligibility Question355–57
- of free will19–24
- in free will debate20
- of incompatibilism19–24
- new look at386–88
- intentionality, purposiveness and357–59
- intentions513
- as antecedent causes/condition310
- cognitive neuroscience of522–26
- conscious519–20
- defined510
- distal501
- future-oriented524–25
- motor524
- present-oriented524
- shielding of525
- internal focused cognition system526
- internal impediments168–70
- internalisms454
- internally focused cognition522
- intractability of free will debate468
- intuition424, 467. See also incompatibilist intuition
- claims about541–42
- economy of427
- expert557
- nonresponsibility409
- ordinary557–58
- pretheoretic557
- whose matters556–59
- intuitive Rubicon427
- Irrelevance of the Avoidability of an Act to the Question of Whether the Agent Performed the Act on His Own (IRR)
- constructing successful example268–69
- determinism vs.278–79
- in Frankfurt-friendly libertarianism268–73
- Frankfurt-type examples or cases and270–73
- as metaphysical assumption266–67
- Islam39
- Jackson, Frank464
- Johnson, David374
- Johnston, Mark470
- Judaism39
- judgments182, 289, 294
- agent185
- bypassing567–68
- decision and332
- in determinism558
- evaluative185–86
- moral responsibility532
- reason-derived value371–72
- in SFAs401
- just a matter of luck400–401
- Kahneman, Daniel81
- Kane, Robert22–24, 40, 84, 88, 98, 166, 180, 204, 211, 216, 222, 236, 249, 251–52, 260, 264, 413, 435, 517, 529
- Kant, Immanuel19, 58, 213–14, 455, 516, 555. See also ought implies can principle
- on compatibilism464
- on freedom367
- Kellert, Stephen91
- Kvaran, Trevor563
- Kyburg, H.230
- Lamb, James10
- Lange, Mark172
- Laplacean supercomputer559–60
- laws
- fixed86–87
- Governance Theory of Laws171
- Principle of the Fixity of the Natural Laws263
- probabilistic376
- psychological171–72
- Regularity Theory of Laws172
- statistical416
- Unalterability of Laws172
- legal theory3
- Levy, Neil168–69
- Lewis, David121–24, 137–38, 160–61, 225–26, 231, 313, 492
- compatibilism analysis and163–66
- dispositional analysis158
- finkish disposition proposal162–63
- Libertarian Accounts of Free Will (Clarke)21
- libertarianism375–76. See also Frankfurt-friendly libertarianism
- alternatives to329–47
- chance and377
- Clarke on329–47
- face to face227–342
- as false475
- falsity of478–81
- indeterminism and331–32
- intelligibility problem355–57
- luck and377
- minimal480
- mixing theories342–45
- noncausalism and334–36
- randomness problem355–57
- side-stepping332–34
- skepticism against415–17
- strong480–81
- libertarian traditionalism50
- liberty of indifference507
- liberum arbitrium399–401
- life-hopes465
- limits399
- Lipton, Peter322
- living right455–56
- logical coherence39–40
- logical language224
- Lorentz relations105–6
- luck21, 374, 375, 428. See also chance
- arbitrariness, liberum arbitrium and399–401
- just a matter of luck400–401
- libertarianism and377
- moral219
- objection to libertarian free will24
- revisiting393–95
- strengthened luck objection in AC324–25
- Luther, Martin455
- macro-determinism448
- macroscopic patterns233
- magic386
- Maimonides455
- manifest image459
- manipulation239, 16, 371–72, 411, 416, 556
- Fischer and Ravizza Theory and194
- four-case manipulation argument25
- in Frankfurt's Hierarchical Theory180–81
- multiple-case manipulation argument409
- Manley, David160–61
- Mann, William298–99
- many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics66–69
- Margenau, Henry58
- masked abilities, in compatibilism166–68
- masked disposition159–61
- Maxwell57
- McKay, Thomas374
- mechanisms
- of action190
- of behavior510
- bypassing563–65
- Fischer and Ravizza Theory and192–93
- individuation193
- moderately reasons-responsive190
- neural525
- ownership264
- strongly reasons-responsive190
- trigger107–8
- weakly reasons-responsive190
- mechanistic state565
- Mele, Alfred R.252, 310, 320, 324–25, 399, 410, 507
- on EC21–22
- on free will and science499–514
- hard determinism and194–95
- on neuroscience29–30
- Regularity Theory of Laws and172
- memories538–39
- mental acts267
- mental aspects of reality83
- mental change334
- mental states542, 545. See also psychological states
- mereological fallacies110
- Merricks, Trenton51
- mesh theories
- Bratman's Planning Theory186–87
- first pass176–78
- Frankfurt's Hierarchical Theory178–84
- second pass178–87
- Watson's Structural Theory184–85
- meta-endorsements492
- metaphysics154, 177, 188, 200, 326, 499
- of agency467
- commitments in AC312–13
- intuitionist model459
- IRR assumption266–67
- issues4
- metaphysical revelation447
- revisionary464
- microtubules74
- Mill, John Stuart12
- Miller, Arthur455
- Milton, John33
- mimicking159–61
- Mind, Brain and the Quantum (Lockwood)59
- Mind Argument332
- The Mind Matters (Hodgson)59
- minimal libertarianism480
- minimization of mysteries72
- moderately reasons-responsive mechanism190
- Montague, Richard85
- Moore, G. E.140
- moral capacity207–11
- moral cognition526–28
- moral concepts300
- moral confidence438
- moral dilemma526
- moral hero434
- moral innocence433–34
- moral integrity422
- morally significant alternative, in Frankfurt-friendly libertarianism273–74
- moral motivation435
- moral neuroscience527
- moral norms526
- moral philosophy524
- moral power362
- moral reality438
- moral responsibility146, 2, 168, 191, 192, 413–14, 428, 431, 449, 471, 477, 563–64
- in abstract conditions532–33
- for action364
- actual-sequence approach262–64
- agents in260
- alternative possibilities (AP) and16–19
- answerability in408
- attitudes toward517
- attributes531
- causal determinism and263
- compatibilism and218
- in concrete conditions532–33
- cross-cultural tendency in534
- defined176
- emotions and209
- Frankfurt-type examples or cases in16–19
- guaranteed521
- historical dimension181
- as impossible467
- judgment532
- multiple-case manipulation argument409
- nonresponsibility412
- requirements179
- self and551–52
- usage407–8
- moral sadness217
- moral theory465
- moral value434
- Moran, Richard184
- motor intentions524
- Moya, Carlos281–82
- multiple-case manipulation argument409
- Mumford, Stephen159
- Murray, Dylan565
- mysterianism28, 386
- chance and374–77
- conclusion485
- God and374
- time travel and374
- as uncongenial485
- unfounded in free will366–78
- natural autonomy516–17
- natural laws. See causation
- nature. See laws of nature
- The Nature of the Physical World (Eddington)58
- Naylor, Margery Bedford250–51
- nerve cell activity76
- neural correlate499
- neural mechanisms525
- neurobiological language564
- neuroethics527–29
- neurological disorders531. See also brain-malfunction-W; See also brain tumor
- neuromodulators525
- neurophysiological event315
- neurophysiological processes573
- neuroscience8, 410. See also brain functions; See also cognitive neuroscience
- free will and29–32
- Mele on29–30
- moral527
- neurocognitive mechanisms in517–18
- neuroethical challenge from527–29
- neurosis382
- New Dispositionalism261
- New Indetermination-Inability Principle477–80
- new unconscious521–22
- Nietzsche537
- nihilism436
- Nisbett, R. E.522
- Noether's theorems104
- no-explanation objection322–23
- no-more-power objection397
- noncausalism343, 1
- freedom and349–65
- libertarianism and334–36
- purposiveness and349–65
- as simple indeterminist theory20–24
- noncoercion372
- nonmoral anger424
- nonpsychological processes539
- nonreductive views, of causation345
- normative interpretation of free will debate208
- normative power362
- normative theories465
- Nowell-Smith, P. H.161
- obesity528
- objective reduction (OR)74
- obligation19
- alternatives and289–90
- determinism and303–4
- Frankfurt-type examples or cases and288–304
- prima facie291
- reasons-wise297
- omissions version, in Frankfurt-type examples or cases246–47
- omniscience52
- On the Free Choice of the Will (Augustine)33
- ontological interpretation, of QM69
- The Openness of God (Pinnock)52
- optimist dualism219
- OR. See objective reduction
- ordinary intuition557–58
- oscilloscope518
- Oswald, Lee Harvey235
- outcomes
- calculation75
- chance492
- constraining76
- determining58
- human choice91
- indeterminism60–61
- revisionary465
- overintellectualizing free will debate201
- PAE. See principle of reasonable expectations
- Paradise Lost (Milton)33
- paradox of spontaneity519–20
- parallel distributed processing516
- passivity182
- perceptual consciousness453–55
- Pereboom, Derk21, 268, 271–72, 325–26, 377, 437, 467, 560
- on free will skepticism407–24
- hard incompatibilism and25–26
- personal attitude565
- personal autonomy368–69
- personal events335
- pessimist dualism219
- Pettit, Philip196
- PFC. See prefrontal cortex
- philosophy471. See also experimental philosophy
- free will issues and3
- meta-philosophical values128
- of religion4
- photons61–62
- physical correlate499
- physical features538
- physics. See classical physics; See quantum mechanics
- Pike, Nelson10
- pink noise91
- Pinnock, Clark52
- Planck's constant in quantum mechanics60
- planning theory, of freedom and responsibility14–15
- Platonic opposition between reason/desire14
- plausible reasoning80–82
- Plotinus455
- plurality conditions384–85
- political theory3
- Popper, Karl80
- possibility16. See also narrow method of choosing possibilities
- autonomy and367
- blind143
- compatibilism as thesis572
- possible worlds19, 53, 68, 97, 7, 192, 222–24, 231–32, 238, 6, 380, 30, 443
- accessible264
- alternative262
- power11, 53, 7, 383. See also counterfactual power
- active334–35
- of Beta principle117
- causation and362–65
- of chance375
- interpretation of can11–13
- moral362
- normative362
- transempirical373
- unexercised363
- uniformity of causal power objection319–20
- powerlessness principle374
- Powers, Richard517–18
- PPA. See Principle of Possible Action
- PPP. See Principle of Possible Prevention
- PPPB. See Principle of Possibly Passing the Buck
- practical consequence132
- practical deciding501–2
- practice-governing358
- praiseworthiness presupposes obligation (PO)289
- prescription460
- Present Danger of the Future Retrospective Excuse434
- present-oriented intentions524
- presumed openness, in Consequence Argument139–40
- pretheoretic intuition557
- prima facie obligation291
- Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP)17, 41, 189, 192, 266, 272, 275
- abandoning262–63
- affirming48
- particularized notion of ability in262
- types of245–46
- Principle of Avoidable Blame258
- Principle of Humanity456
- Principle of Possible Action (PPA)245–47
- Principle of Possibly Passing the Buck (PPPB)258
- Principle of Sufficient Reason322
- priority principle522
- prior pro attitudes359
- pro-attitudes22
- probabilism446
- probabilistically governed agent causation is insufficient for freedom objection325–26
- probabilistic law376
- problem of alchemy250
- “the problem of free will,”3
- projection postulate64
- propositional ability119–20
- Pruss, Alexander50
- psychoanalysis8
- psychological conception of self538–39
- psychological language564
- psychological laws171–72
- purposiveness
- causation and350–62
- defined350
- freedom and350–53
- intentionality and357–59
- noncausalism and349–65
- Putnamian insights465
- QM. See quantum mechanics
- quantum field69
- quantum mechanics (QM)101, 416, 446, 488. See also causal closure of physics
- attractors in75
- Bohm's interpretation68–71
- completing66
- consciousness and57–83
- consistent histories interpretation66
- Dennett on72–73
- determinism and446–48
- Eccles on76–77
- in free will debate59
- hidden variables theory69–71
- Honderich on73
- interpretations447–48
- many-worlds interpretation66–69
- neurons in76–77
- nonlocality in61–62
- observer-participation in62–66
- Penrose on73–74
- probability theory in88–90
- representations59–60
- standard arguments71–72
- Stapp on74–76
- quantum reality4
- quarantines418–19
- quasi-endorsements492
- quasi-miracles492–94
- quasiparticles108
- Quine, W. V. O.222–23
- Quinean paraphrasing464
- random number generators232–34
- Ravizza, Mark18, 176, 180, 410. See also Fischer and Ravizza Theory
- reactive attitudes202, 214
- of freedom and responsibility15–16
- free will and200–204
- mollifying201
- personal relationships and421–23
- retributive408
- Strawson on200–204
- reactivity, Fischer and Ravizza Theory and192
- reason-derived value judgments371–72
- reasons. See also pro tanto reasons
- decisions and336
- Frankfurt-type examples or cases and288–304
- as goals336
- reasons-based action315–17
- reasons-cognition192
- reasons-responsive theories264, 410, 521
- first pass176–78
- Fischer and Ravizza Theory189–96
- second pass187–95
- Wolf's Reason View187–89
- reasons-wise obligation297
- reasons-wise wrongfulness297
- reconciliation question40
- reductionism71
- reference-ambiguity451
- reference determination462
- reference-failure451
- reflective choice321
- reflective consciousness453
- Regularity Theory of Laws172
- relativistic fatalism105–7
- relativity of simultaneity105–6
- repentance422
- resentment15–16, 208–9, 212, 217. See also moral resentment
- resignation419
- resolutions525
- respect428, 433, 437. See also self-respect
- responsibility3, 31, 146, 3, 208, 530. See also moral responsibility; See also nonresponsibility; See also ultimate responsibility
- agent531–32
- ascriptions451–52
- asymmetrical treatment209
- choice398
- compatibilist approaches to13–16
- ethical requirement437
- external143
- holding and being responsibility211–14
- internal143
- planning theory14–15
- reactive attitude theories15–16
- reasons-responsive theories15–16
- threat to taking434
- valuational theories14–15
- for will399
- willingness to pay435
- Responsibility and the Moral Sentiments (Wallace)208
- retributive reactive attitudes408
- retributivism418
- revisionary metaphysics464–65
- revisionism27
- Compatibility Question and458–61
- connotational462–63
- denotational462–63
- development of463–69
- eliminativism and457–59
- moderate/strong463
- ramifications and challenges469–71
- varieties of461–63
- Rice, Richard52
- risk, in divine providence53
- Robb, David252
- Rodriguez, Alex169
- Roediger, H.504
- Rogers, Katherin43
- Rollback Argument28–29, 32, 332, 347, 10, 379, 25, 559–60
- in indeterminism484–87
- objection in AC323–24
- Roskies, Adina517
- Rousseau455
- RP. See readiness potential
- Rubicon model of volition524
- Ruth, Babe169
- Sanders, John52
- satisfaction182–83
- Scanlon, T. M.465
- science. See also classical physics; See also cognitive neuroscience; See also cognitive science; See also neuroscience; See also quantum mechanics
- determinism and5–9
- free will and499–514
- Mele on499–514
- scientific image459
- SEA. See single explanation assumption
- second-order authorship428
- Sehon, Scott361
- selection-monitoring dilemmas525
- self59. See also bounds of self
- cognitive science and549–52
- in epiphenomenalism536
- mental states and542
- moral responsibility and551–52
- psychological conception of538–39
- shifting perspectives of541–43
- as soul540
- thin account of547
- self-creation is impossible objection320–21
- self-direction, coherence account370–72
- self-discipline420
- self-evaluation14
- self-forming actions (SFAs)397
- causes of384
- character development and398–99
- conflict characteristics in388
- defined383
- doubling390
- judgments401
- required386
- self-network396
- self-regulation525
- self-worth420
- Sellarsian worry459
- sense of self438
- serotonin525
- SFAs. See self-forming actions
- Shadows of the Mind (Penrose)59
- shielding of intentions525
- shielding-shifting dilemmas525
- Shoeman, Ferdinand418
- simple foreknowledge50
- simple indeterminist theory20–24
- skepticism203, 205–7, 207, 211, 219
- against compatibilism409–13
- history215–19
- against libertarianism415–17
- Smith, A. D.161
- Smith, Adam219
- smoking528
- Sobel, J.86
- social psychology521–22
- social theory4
- soft determinism24
- Soon, C. S.520
- Sorabji, Richard23
- sorrow423
- source compatibilism195
- source question40
- spin70
- spontaneity519–20
- SR. See special relativity
- states. See also eigenstate; See also psychological states
- mechanistic565
- mind530
- statistical laws416
- Steward, Helen259
- stoicism470
- stop signal505
- Stout, Rowland310
- Strawson, Galen21, 199, 215–17, 218–20, 320–21, 377, 417, 465–66, 556
- arguments assessed204–7
- on free will and reactive attitudes200–204
- strengthened luck objection324–25
- strong libertarianism480–81
- strongly reasons-responsive mechanism190
- STS. See superior temporal sulcus
- Stump, Eleonore252
- subjective awareness499
- subjective experience of freedom520
- subjectivity, Fischer and Ravizza Theory and194–95
- subjunctive conditionals159
- sufficiency, necessity and227–29
- sufficient cause385
- sufficient motive385
- supererogation300
- superior temporal sulcus (STS)526
- surprise491
- symmetry arguments103–4
- sympathetic anger424
- task switching525
- Taylor, Richard20
- temporal parts312
- temporal priority227–28
- temporoparietal junctions (TPI)526
- temptations436
- theological dimensions of free will debate32–33
- theoretical conviction206
- thin account of self547
- Thomist tradition352–53
- t’ Hooft, Gerard70
- thought experiment490–91
- Todd, Patrick192
- Tognazzini, Neal192
- token-naturalism206
- Tooley, Michael314
- TPI. See temporoparietal junctions
- transempirical power373
- transfer of nonresponsibility560
- transfer principles, in Consequence Argument132–36
- trembling545
- trigger mechanism107–8
- true51–52, 134, 187–88
- bypassing as573
- causal determinism as410
- determinism as333
- hard incompatibilism as419–20
- True and the Good187–88
- tryings393
- Turing, Alan81
- Tuszynski, Jack A.77
- Tversky, Amos81
- type-naturalism206–7
- typicality condition102–3
- UE. See unique evolution
- ultimate determination39
- ultimate fantasies431
- ultimate level excuse435
- ultimate responsibility (UR)24, 398
- Compatibility Questions with AP382–86
- in free will debate384
- need for384
- UMIs. See Unillusioned Moral Individuals
- Unalterability of Laws172
- unconscious initiatives500
- unconsciousness500, 502. See also new unconscious
- undefeated authorization373
- understanding
- causalist361–62
- Consequence Argument115
- determinism132
- scientific threat to free will534–36
- whatever-else understanding443
- unexercised power363
- uniformity of causal power objection319–20
- universal condition205
- unwilling addict181
- upbringing5, 9. See also child rearing
- UR. See ultimate responsibility
- utilitarian compatibilism207
- utilitarian theory418
- utilization behavior509
- validity447
- valuational theories14–15
- value determinateness (VD)85–87
- van Inwagen, Peter10, 21, 28, 115, 118, 134, 236–37, 245–47, 249, 323, 367, 374–78, 485, 488–89, 493
- Promising Argument475–81
- thought experiment490–91
- Vargas, Manuel27
- VD. See value determinateness
- Velleman, J. David183–85
- virtue420
- volition178–80, 183
- brain region523
- cognitive neuroscience of522–26
- defined523
- disorders528
- Rubicon model524
- voluntary movement studies518–21
- voluntary oomph250–51
- Wackermann, J.109
- Waller, Bruce417
- wanting, deciding vs.501
- Wasserman, Ryan160–61
- Watson's Structural Theory184–85
- W-defense280
- weakly reasons-responsive mechanism190
- Weinberg, S.65
- Weinert, E. E.524
- whatever-else understanding of effects443
- Whittle, Anne195
- Wigner, E. P.74
- will378, 7 See also conscious will
- ability sense369
- attitudinal sense370
- freedom modifying178–79
- notion of11
- responsibility for399
- willing addict179
- willingness to pay435
- willpower523
- Wilson, T. D.522
- wishful thinking437
- worth. See also blameworthiness; See also praiseworthiness
- achievement and419–21
- Danger of Worthlessness435
- worthlessness435
- wrongdoing294–95
- anger and424
- attitudes toward423–24
- avoiding342
- communicating422
- hard incompatibilism and417–19
- reasons-wise297
- Zaromb, F.504
- Zeno effect, quantum76
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