
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Ecological Science Ecological Science
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Primary Attributes Primary Attributes
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Historical Considerations Historical Considerations
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Worldviews in Psychology Worldviews in Psychology
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A Transactional View of Person-Environment Processes A Transactional View of Person-Environment Processes
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Two Early Antecedents of an Ecological Approach Two Early Antecedents of an Ecological Approach
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William James’s Radical Empiricism William James’s Radical Empiricism
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Environment-Person Relations and Environmental Psychology Environment-Person Relations and Environmental Psychology
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Experience as a Function of the Individual in Context Experience as a Function of the Individual in Context
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Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory
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Lewin’s Transactionalism Lewin’s Transactionalism
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The Environment Psychologically Considered The Environment Psychologically Considered
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James Gibson’s Ecological Psychology James Gibson’s Ecological Psychology
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Affordances Affordances
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Investigations and Extensions of the Affordance Concept Investigations and Extensions of the Affordance Concept
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Affordances, Direct Perception, and Environmental Psychology Affordances, Direct Perception, and Environmental Psychology
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Applying the Ecological Approach to Environmental Psychology Applying the Ecological Approach to Environmental Psychology
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Affordances as a Tool for Environmental Evaluation and Design Affordances as a Tool for Environmental Evaluation and Design
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Wayfinding as a Process of Perceiving the Temporal Structure of a Path over Time Wayfinding as a Process of Perceiving the Temporal Structure of a Path over Time
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Implications for Methods in Environmental Perception and Aesthetics Implications for Methods in Environmental Perception and Aesthetics
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Barker’s Eco-Behavioral Science Barker’s Eco-Behavioral Science
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The Behavior Stream The Behavior Stream
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Behavior Settings Behavior Settings
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Eco-Behavioral Science Eco-Behavioral Science
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Ecological Psychology and Eco-Behavioral Science Ecological Psychology and Eco-Behavioral Science
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The Ecological Approach and Environmental Psychology The Ecological Approach and Environmental Psychology
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Future Directions Future Directions
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Notes Notes
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References References
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2 Foundations of an Ecological Approach to Psychology
Get accessHarry Heft Department of Psychology Denison University Granville, OH
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Published:21 November 2012
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Abstract
Environmental psychology developed in the midst of a wave of scientific and social movements of the past century rooted in large measure among the ecological sciences. And yet work in the field proceeded mostly untouched by an ecological perspective, as it remained wedded to a mechanistic mode of thought that has long gripped psychology more broadly. Frameworks more sympathetic to ecological thinking had been simmering among psychology’s early writings, notably in William James’s radical empiricism and Kurt Lewin’s field theory, but became realized only in the 1960s through the works of James J. Gibson, Roger G. Barker, and others. These frameworks share many of the assumptions of the ecological sciences and, collectively, can be located within a transactional worldview. When applied to psychology, this perspective emphasizes the central place of meaning in psychological phenomena. These approaches can function to guide environmental psychology into the fold of the ecological sciences.
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