The Oxford Handbook of Historical Phonology
Published online:
16 December 2013
Published in print:
01 November 2015
Online ISBN:
9780191750243
Print ISBN:
9780199232819
Contents
End Matter
759Indexes
-
Published:December 2013
Annotate
Cite
'759Indexes', in Patrick Honeybone, and Joseph Salmons (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Historical Phonology (2015; online edn, Oxford Academic, 16 Dec. 2013), https://doi.org/, accessed 24 Apr. 2025.
Subject
Linguistics
Series
Oxford Handbooks
Collection:
Oxford Handbooks Online
Languages, Families, and Dialects
- A-Hmao253
- Acoma126
- Adamawa-Ubangi261
- Aizi126
- Akkadian61
- Alamblak493
- Albanian124
- Angas126
- Apachean250
- Arabian126
- Arabic (including Classical)45, 61, 87, 194, 197, 198, 266–8, 274–6, 424, 621, 655
- Moroccan647
- Palestinian280
- Arawakan127
- Atemple494
- Atlantic Group247
- Austro-Asiatic126
- Banoni500
- Belarusian663
- Berewan492
- Bete126
- Bima126
- Bhojpuri See Mauritius Bhojpuri
- Buchan Scots See Scots
- Bugotu499
- Burushaski126
- Catalan424–5
- Chamorro490
- Chemaku126
- Chinese86–9, 93–9, 102, 104, 142, 248–9, 258–61, 417, 419, 437, 440
- Ancient421
- Proto-Chinese88–9
- Tanchou259
- Chipewyan126
- Chon126
- Chong252
- Chontal126
- Cree356
- Croatian458
- Cross River261
- Cushitic252
- Daju126
- Dakelh500
- Dameli126
- Dan126
- Dangaleat126
- Desano476
- Divehi127
- Dizi126
- Doayo126
- Dogri251
- Dutch12, 103, 118–19, 209, 221–2, 263, 271, 281–4, 385–96, 481, 620, 627, 632, 634, 637, 639–40, 655, 662
- Drentish283
- Flemish12
- Formerum283–4
- Huizen283–4
- English9–10, 33, 37, 45, 55, 69, 73–6, 78–9, 88, 97, 101, 103–5, 107, 110, 113–18, 137–9, 145–6, 154–5, 162, 164, 166, 169, 171, 175, 180, 185, 194, 196–7, 199–201, 203, 205–9, 212–15, 219, 221–2, 224, 229–38, 240–3, 260, 279–80, 295–7, 300, 302, 307–9, 316–18, 324, 335, 337, 351, 356, 361, 364, 366, 368, 371, 376, 380, 383, 385–8, 390–1, 398, 401, 405–6, 408, 416–17, 419, 423–6, 433, 436–7, 400–42, 444, 446, 452, 456, 458, 462, 468, 473, 481, 510, 515, 517, 531, 533, 543, 546, 565–6, 575–6, 585, 620, 624, 629, 632–43, 645–8, 650–3, 655–64
- African American English612
- American English (including Wisconsin English)44, 74, 77, 145–6, 165, 175, 185–6, 362, 364, 369, 380–1, 389–90, 392, 406, 425, 440, 445, 456, 468, 473, 477, 480–1, 531–4, 538–9, 543, 624, 630, 632, 634, 655, 664
- Anglian Old English77
- British English (including London English)12, 145, 164–5, 169, 300–1, 310, 361, 369, 404–8, 609, 622, 624–5, 629, 634
- East Anglian English625
- Middle English74–7, 100–1, 103, 108–10, 112–14, 117–19, 164, 167, 170, 175, 189, 194, 196, 200–1, 203, 207, 213, 221, 229, 232–3, 335–7, 361, 363, 433, 440–1, 456, 464, 502, 514–15, 517–18, 589, 663
- Northumberland English166
- Northumbrian Old English73–4
- Old English19–20, 33, 55, 59, 67, 73–85, 103–4, 108, 110–11, 113–16, 118–19, 152, 154–5, 164, 194–6, 200, 202–4, 207, 212, 219, 221, 227–9, 231–4, 236–40, 344, 362, 367, 372, 456, 462, 474, 478, 502–7, 512–13, 516–18, 520, 522, 531, 534–5, 538–40, 542–3, 550–1, 553, 566, 576, 619–20, 635
- Present Day English (including Modern English)74, 84, 103, 118, 195–6, 200, 231, 235–6, 344, 361, 383, 385, 456, 476, 480, 515–17, 537, 630, 638
- Scottish English145–6
- Singapore English635
- South African English632
- St. Helenian English634
- Esperanto101
- Ethio-Semitic266
- Faroese459
- Finnic297–8
- Franconian619
- Frankish620
- French33, 45, 52–4, 82, 96, 104, 113, 118, 140, 144, 165, 194, 196–7, 199–200, 221, 231, 233–7, 290, 317, 364, 406, 417, 419, 436, 440, 443–4, 448, 473, 550, 557, 561, 585, 625, 635, 637–8, 646–7, 649–50, 655, 658, 660, 664
- Acadian144
- Anglo French104
- Gallo-Romance-Old-French200
- Ge’ez268
- Georgian126
- German19, 25, 27, 45, 66, 103–5, 118, 140, 145, 165, 196, 199–201, 205–6, 209–10, 221–2, 229, 263, 271, 273, 298, 368, 419, 440, 445, 454–6, 458, 473, 563, 577, 585, 620, 635–6, 643, 645, 650, 655, 658, 663–4
- Low German558
- Rhineland-Palatinate German621
- Riograndenser Hunsrückisch621
- Germanic12, 15, 20–1, 25, 43, 55–7, 59, 65, 67, 73, 75–6, 79, 81–2, 84, 103, 105, 118–19, 124, 128–9, 131, 209, 213, 222, 227, 229–32, 234–5, 238, 240, 243–4, 262, 265, 271–4, 276, 278–9, 282, 284, 294, 297–8, 318, 354, 393, 456, 462, 464, 478, 480, 550, 553, 563, 637–8, 640, 649–51
- Northwest Germanic536
- ‘Norwegian-Germanic’12
- Gorontalo126
- Greek12, 16, 20, 53–4, 56, 62, 67, 87, 103, 112, 117, 119, 124, 128–9, 199, 202, 421, 446, 458–9, 499
- Middle199–200
- Modern199–200
- Greenlandic307
- Gulmancema256
- Gununa-Kena126
- Gur256
- Gutob445
- Gutob-Remo445
- Gwari126
- Haida126
- Hakka127
- Hamer126
- Hawu126
- Hessian620
- Hu253
- Hupa126
- Idomoid261
- Ik126
- Indo-European10, 12, 19, 21, 54, 61–3, 65, 68, 70, 108, 117–18, 121–8, 130–2, 137, 143, 147, 209, 251, 289, 350, 354, 356, 422, 445, 499, 535
- Inuit520
- Iraqw126
- Japanese87–9, 91, 94–8, 141–2, 145, 442, 444, 462, 554, 560–1, 638, 641–2, 648–50, 653–5, 658, 660–1, 664
- Middle Japanese90
- Jaqaru126
- Jutish619
- Kabardian126
- Kadugli126
- Kalam Kohistani126
- Kanakuru126
- Kangri251
- Kannada445
- Karakand198
- Karen126
- Kartvelian126
- Kashmiri126
- Katcha126
- Katuic254
- Kefa126
- Kera127
- Khmer126
- Khoisan246
- Khosian261
- Khotanese126
- Khowar126
- Koguryǒan95
- Kokota499
- Korean87, 89–90, 95–7, 127, 141–2, 520, 546, 637–43, 647, 650, 652, 654–5, 657–8, 660
- Middle Korean97
- Kpelle126
- Kru261
- Kurmanji Kurdish126
- Kwakw’ala126
- Laal126
- Lakkia127
- Lame126
- Latin11–13, 16, 19, 53–7, 59, 62, 64, 66–7, 73–4, 82, 87, 103–5, 108, 117–20, 137–8, 194–204, 212, 224–7, 230–2, 234–8, 240–2, 290, 297–8, 318, 324–8, 416, 418–19, 446, 448, 452, 456, 459, 468, 473–8, 548–50, 553, 555–7, 575, 628, 660, 662
- Lithuanian117
- Lugbara127
- Lungchow127
- Maidu127
- Malagasy634
- Mam126
- Manchu520
- Mande261
- Mandeali251
- Margi126
- Marshallese337
- Mauritian Creole625
- Messapian131
- Mien258–60
- Moba254
- Mongolic520
- Mumuye126
- Munda448
- Mursi126
- Mussau492
- Mwera476
- Mwotlap492
- Nahuatl661–2
- Nambakaengo127
- Navaho126
- Ndebele322
- Nend494
- Ngad’a126
- Niger-Kordofanian126–7
- Northern Haryanvi251
- Nupe473
- Ob-Ugric520
- Occitan326
- Ogbia126
- Ossetic126
- Pac253
- Pacoh254
- Pashai126
- Phlong126
- Phrygian131
- Plateau Penutian126
- Pohnpeian442
- Puget Sound126
- Q’eqchi’203
- Quechua126
- Quechumaran126
- Quileute126
- Romance12, 52, 54, 101, 108, 197–8, 230–1, 234–6, 238–9, 243, 318, 432, 456, 474, 478, 480, 556–8, 637, 640, 649
- Gallo-Romance-Old-French200
- Proto-Ibero-Romance135
- Romani126
- Romanian418
- Sami13
- Sanskrit16, 19–21, 51, 54, 57, 62, 65, 87–8, 112, 117, 122, 129, 199, 201, 322, 337, 350–1, 354–6, 421, 445, 452, 455, 457–8, 499
- Saxon (historical)619
- Sepik Hill493
- Shina126
- Shinasha254
- Shumashti126
- Sindhi418
- Sinhalese127
- Sino-Tibetan126
- Sioux126
- Slavic (including Common Slavic, Slavonic)12, 101, 200, 202, 297–8, 323, 334, 419, 480, 551, 662
- Old Church Slavonic54
- Sogeram494
- Solomonic499
- Somali127
- Spanish12–13, 53, 197, 199–202, 296–8, 363–4, 383, 391, 398, 442, 447, 452, 455–6, 462, 468, 474–5, 477–8, 480–1, 548, 550, 553, 555–7, 629, 635–7, 661–2
- Argentinian Spanish480
- Panamanian Spanish590
- Pohnpeian Spanish442
- Quito Spanish383
- Sranan649
- Sundanese493
- Tama126
- Tarascan126
- Tarok126
- Telegu445
- Tenochtitlan557
- Tigre268
- Tirahi126
- Tlaloc557
- Tol127
- Tsat258–60
- Tucano476
- Tuyuca558
- Tzeltal126
- Tzutujil126
- Ukrainian663
- Uralic-Altaic136
- Urubu-Kapoor307
- Wakash126
- Wapishana127
- Wichita126
- Wotapuri126
- Xhosa127
- Yana126
- Yeniseian136
- Yoruba650
- Zazaki126
767Authors
- Abercrombie, D.109
- Adam, G.559–60
- Agard, F.135
- Aitken, A.169
- Alber, B.650
- Alim, S.611
- Allen, Will166
- Almor, A.154
- Altenhofen, C.621
- Altmann, G.589
- Alwan, A.406
- Andreev, N.123
- Andreeva, B.402
- Andruski, J.254
- Anttila, A.551
- Apted, M.616
- Archangeli, D.551
- Arnaud, R.609
- Arnhold, J.636
- Aronoff, M.662
- Aroui, J.79
- Ash, S.590–1
- Ashby, W.609
- Aslin, R.264
- Assmann, P.531
- Atkinson, Q.147
- Babel, M.427–8
- Babitch, R.144
- Baer, T.534
- Bailey, C.589
- Baker, A.387
- Baker, G.555–6
- Baker, R.408
- Bakken, K.364
- Bakker, D.139
- Ball, P.150
- Bammesberger, A.271
- Baranowski177–8
- Bard, E.498
- Bargh, J.428
- Barnes, D.613
- Baron-Cohen, S.426
- Baron, N.292
- Barrack, C.123
- Barrie, M.520
- Barritt, C.76
- Barry, W.402
- Bauer, M.417
- Baugh, A.619
- Becanus, J.12
- Beck, J.406–7
- Becker, K.607
- Beckner, C.151
- Beckwith, C.95
- Beekes, R.334
- Bender, M.359
- Benedict, P.258–9
- Benjamini Y.144
- Benson, E.44
- Berent, I.425
- Bergsträsser, G.61
- Bermúdez-Otero, R.6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 30, 36, 42, 54, 55, 57, 82, 174, 188, 195, 196, 198, 319, 320, 331, 334, 338, 346, 355, 360, 372, 374–99, 433, 481, 486, 502, 506, 516, 545, 546, 564, 568, 571–2, 577, 578, 586, 588, 603–18
- Bernard, J.624
- Berry, C.370
- Bhaskararao, P.251
- Bialystok, E.292
- Bidgood, A.302
- Bigham, D.611–12
- Birdsong, D.292
- Blair, D.624
- Blanc, H.621
- Blevins, Juliette6, 8–9, 23–4, 30, 38, 121, 150, 160, 202, 207, 209, 211–12, 215–6, 220, 264–6, 285, 307, 313, 371, 374, 383, 412, 415, 422, 427, 446, 454, 477, 483, 485–500, 502, 564, 645, 653, 656
- Bloch, B.585
- Blumenfeld, L.572
- Blumstein, S.423
- Blythe, R.149
- Bolinger, D.210
- Botma, B.40
- Bottiglioni, G.324
- Bourciez, E.318
- Bourciez, J.318
- Boutkan, D.271
- Boyce, S.439
- Bradley, H.80
- Bradley, T.556–7
- Braine, M.298
- Branchaw, S.368
- Brandão de Carvalho, J.469
- Braune, W.563
- Bredsdorff, J.23
- Bremer, O.273
- Brighton, H.155
- Bromberger, S.36
- Broś, K.398
- Broselow, E.278
- Brown, G.106
- Brown, S.246
- Bryant, D.145
- Bueno Aniola, C.636
- Bullock, B.640
- Burnell, S.632
- Burrow, T.445
- Bussmann, H.17
- Bybee, J.6–7, 9–10, 29–31, 38, 43, 46, 103, 122, 149, 151, 153–4, 159–60, 168, 198, 208–10, 212–13, 216, 218, 220, 264, 314, 316, 338, 359, 361–5, 368, 370–1, 373, 381, 403, 412, 437, 439–40, 451, 467–84, 487, 489–90, 498, 502, 538, 637
- Bynon, T.20
- Byrd, D.490
- Cable, T.619
- Caha, P.264
- Caisse, M.423
- Callou, D.608–9
- Camazine, S.150
- Campbell, A.76
- Cangelosi, A.156
- Carr, P.40
- Carroll, J.79
- Carroll, R.368
- Carruthers, P.527
- Carver, C.630
- Casali, R.559
- Case, T.94
- Cassidy, F.634
- Chae, S.589
- Chafe, W.197
- Change, S.420
- Charette, M.528
- Chen, M.359
- Childs, G.246–7
- Chimhundu, H.660
- Chomsky, N.15, 36–7, 152, 222, 314, 318, 333, 337, 342, 374, 432, 501–2, 506, 508, 518–19, 524–5, 584–5
- Christensen, H.613
- Clarke, S.621–2
- Coetzee, A.551
- Coggshall, E.607
- Cohen, M.425
- Cohn, A.417
- Collinder, B.136
- Collins, J.454
- Collins, P.624
- Compton, R.520
- Comrie, B.68
- Conde-Silvestre, J.622
- Cossu, M.324
- Cotton, A.632
- Coupland, N.611
- Crabb, G.633
- Crawcour, S.97
- Crawford, A.633
- Crist, S.550–1
- Croft, W.149
- Cukor-Avila, P.610–12
- Curtius, G.20
- Cutillas Espinose, J.551
- Cutler, A.495
- Cutler, C.611–12
- D’Arcy, A.5, 8, 28, 30, 38, 39, 46, 156, 164, 174, 179, 295, 300, 383, 401, 468, 481, 583–602, 603, 604, 611, 617, 637
- Dalbera-Stefanaggi, M.324
- Dalola, A.640
- Dalston, R.406
- Damerau, F.140
- Danchev, A.76–7
- Daniels, D.494
- Daniels, P.86
- Darlington, R.380
- Dart, S.406–7
- Daunt, M.77
- Dauzat, A.326
- Davey, J.10
- Davies, M.360
- Davies, W.417
- Davis, B.297
- Davis, G.393
- De Decker, P.612
- de Groot, A.39
- de Paiva, M.608–9
- De Schryver, J.368–9
- de Vaan, M.122
- Dediu, D.246
- Delforge, A.556–7
- DeLisi, J.550
- Demuth, K.658
- Denison, D.589
- DePaolis, R.297
- Deverson, T.624
- Diem, W.267
- Dieth, E.167
- Dijksterhuis, A.428
- Dinkin, A.381
- Dodd, B.246
- Donegan, P.6, 8, 10, 38, 195, 198, 205, 220, 257, 293, 319–20, 330, 431–49, 451, 462, 474, 481, 491, 508, 546, 576
- Dosse, F.33
- Dresher, E.6–8, 10, 18, 32–3, 37, 46, 73, 83, 101, 153, 212, 214, 217, 220, 227–9, 232–4, 236, 265, 314, 351, 387, 412, 467, 489, 501–21, 527, 529–30, 532, 537, 539, 546, 637, 659
- Duarte, M.609
- Dubois, S.610
- Dufter, A.462
- Dunn, M.147
- Durand, J.40–1
- Durian, D.175
- Durrant, P.606
- Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, K.463
- Eastlack, C.134
- Ebeling, C.567
- Echols, C.297
- Edison, T.100
- Edwards, J.299
- Eisner, F.428
- Elihay, J.280
- Elphinston, J.383–5
- Elreyes, A.642
- Elsig, M.608
- Elsman, M.558
- Engstrand, O.406
- Erker, D.391
- Ernestus, M.154
- Esper, E.217
- Evans, A.74
- Evans, D.632
- Evans, N.455
- Evans, S.147
- Fabricius, A.307–8
- Farnetani, E.472
- Felsenstein, J.145
- Ferguson, R.628
- Fernández, F.491
- Fidelholtz, J.481
- Firth, J.103
- Fischer, J.606
- Fitzgerald, C.650
- Fleischman, S.101
- Fónagy, I.585
- Fougeron, C.441
- Foulkes, P.8, 30, 165, 177, 210, 220, 247, 289–312, 322, 384, 406, 414, 420, 426, 501, 515, 547, 559, 583, 587, 600–1, 603, 637
- Fox, R.642
- Foxcroft, N.187
- Frantz, D.134
- Frellesvig, B.97
- Frick, W.11
- Fries, C.662
- Fromkin, V.291
- Fruehwald, J.380
- Fuchs, S.125
- Fulk, R.79–81
- Gage, W.250
- Galambos, I.88
- Gambhir, S.623
- Ganz, P.24–5
- Garde, P.189
- Gardner, M.520
- Garmann, N.480
- Garnsey, S.364
- Gedney, W.255
- Gell-Mann, M.143
- Gerhand, S.370
- Gerken, L.218
- Giannelli, L.324
- Gill, H.251
- Gillies, W.307
- Gilman, S.485
- Glass, W.632
- Glassie, H.630
- Gleason, H.251
- Gnanadesikan, A.73
- Goidanich, S.585
- Gonzalez, V.640
- Good, P.141
- Gordon, M.5, 27, 35, 39, 44, 77, 164, 166–7, 173–90, 255, 293, 359, 445, 447, 480, 534, 552, 584, 603–4, 629–30
- Görlach, M.636
- Grace, G.338
- Grassmann, H.20–1
- Gray, R.147
- Greenlee, M.295–6
- Grimes, J.135
- Grotius, H.12
- Gulya, J.12
- Gumperz, J.588
- Gyarmathi, S.12–13
- Hajek, J.421
- Hakuta, K.292
- Hale, M.6–9, 30, 42, 46, 55, 168, 196, 210, 215, 248, 250, 292, 314, 319, 321–2, 330, 333–4, 337–58, 368, 380, 384–5, 400, 403, 417, 481–2, 502, 564, 578, 583, 585, 587, 603, 637
- Hall, T.408
- Halle, M.36–7, 119, 222, 234–8, 241, 290, 293, 299, 314, 317–18, 342, 348, 378, 432, 501–2, 506–8, 518–19, 523–5, 527, 567, 583
- Hallé, P.425
- Hammarberg, R.340
- Hammarström, G.621
- Hancock, I.634
- Hansen, A.364
- Hansen, B.491
- Hansson, G.122
- Hanzeli, V.12–13
- Hardwick, M.589
- Harries, L.476
- Harris-Northall, R.200
- Hartman, S.135
- Harvey, C.520
- Hashimoto, M.88
- Hazen, K.300
- Heggarty, P.145
- Heo, Y.642
- Hering, J.236
- Hernández-Campoy, J.622
- Herold, R.188
- Herrera Zendejas, E.476
- Herzog, M.187
- Heulsenbeck, J.147
- Hewson, J.134
- Hill, A.410
- Hinskens, F.360
- Hirson, A.406
- Hirt, H.30
- Hochberg, Y.144
- Hoffman, M.606
- Holt, L.77
- Hopp, H.606
- Horwitz, E.606
- Householder, F.524
- Hua, Z.246
- Hudak, T.255
- Hultsch, D.613
- Hundt, M.635
- Hurch, B.463
- Hurford, J.153
- Huson, D.145
- Hutcheson, R.79
- Hyams, N.291
- Hyman, L.200–1, 245, 322, 331, 339, 344, 346, 348, 352, 354–6, 383, 397, 417, 442, 473, 486, 577, 654
- Hymes, D.137
- Igarashi, J.94
- Irons, T.186–7
- Itkonen, E.207
- Ito, C.650
- Iverson, G.6, 27, 42–3, 45–6, 124, 293, 230, 394, 414, 418, 423, 442, 577, 584, 603, 627, 637–43, 645, 655, 661
- Jackendoff, R.384
- Jackson, L.33
- Jaeger, J.303
- Jäger, A.12
- Jakobson, R.27, 33–4, 37, 39, 46, 51, 68, 73, 79, 82, 84, 119, 124, 196, 356, 374–5, 410, 434, 448, 450–1, 462, 518–19, 523–4, 565, 567
- James, A.139
- Janhunen, J.246
- Jannedy, S.487
- Janson, T.368
- Jasanoff, J.567
- Jiménez, E.589
- Johnson, J.292
- Jones, Mari619
- Jones, W.12
- Juola, P.144
- Jurgec, P.662
- Jusczyk, P.265
- Kagan, O.369
- Kammacher, L.608
- Kaneko, E.641
- Kang, Y.649–50
- Kaplan, A.160
- Katayama, M.658
- Katz, P.531
- Kauffman, S.150
- Kaufman, D.492
- Kay, M.134–5
- Kent, R.295
- Kenyon, J.369
- Keren-Portnoy, T.302
- Kharlamov, V.43
- Kim, M.516
- King, A.78
- Kinsella, A.246
- Kiparsky, P.7–8, 10, 19, 21, 30, 32, 35–6, 39, 42–3, 46, 55, 195–6, 198, 200, 203, 207, 209–10, 212–15, 220, 228, 237, 290–1, 293, 314–15, 317, 319, 338, 352, 355, 365, 368, 374–5, 377–8, 382–3, 393, 396–7, 433, 442, 474, 486, 496, 501–2, 505–6
- Kiparsky, V.563
- Kirby, J.435
- Kisseberth, C.444
- Klein, R.406
- Klingenheben, A.457
- Kniffen, F.630
- Ko, S.520
- Kobayashi, Y.98
- Kohler, K.26
- Komai, A.97
- Korhonen, M.567
- Kostakis, A.551
- Kraska-Szlenk, I.559
- Krishnamurti, B.476
- Kroch, A.589
- Krones, R.417
- Krug, M.361
- Kubozono, H.649–50
- Kuhn, S.509
- Kurki, T.608–9
- Kürsten, O.273
- Kuryłowicz, J.214
- Labov, W.28, 30, 38–9, 44, 46, 159, 166, 171–2, 174–81, 184–5, 187–90, 293–4, 300, 318, 328, 359–60, 363, 365, 371–3, 375, 380–1, 386–8, 428, 440, 452, 463–4, 480–1, 534, 538, 543, 565, 575, 583–602, 604–5, 607, 609, 613, 629–32, 665
- Lachs, L.301
- Ladd, D.246
- Lado, R.638
- LaFond, L.546
- Lai, R.316
- Laker, S.196
- Laks, B.37
- Lange, R.94
- Langstrof, C.179–82
- Lapidge, M.12
- Lass, R.5, 12, 15, 20, 34, 49, 70, 73, 75–8, 81, 84, 86, 100–21, 166, 185, 200, 209, 218, 316, 322, 372, 468–9, 477–9, 503, 510, 516, 519, 522, 527, 534–8, 540, 542, 602, 618–19
- Latane, B.157
- Lavarello-Schreier, K.632
- Laver, J.402
- Lawson, R.611
- Leary, A.332
- Leben, W.650
- Lebrun, E.144
- Lee, I.96
- Lee, J.646
- Lee, S.640–2
- Lehtonen, A.143
- LePage, R.622
- Lessard, R.607
- Levins, P.238–42
- Levinson, S.147
- Lhuyd, E.13
- Li, F.131
- Lief, E.557
- Lightner, T.662
- Liljencrants, J.552
- Lindau, M.406
- Lindsey, G.406
- Lindstrom, E.147
- Linell, P.15
- Lipski, J.553
- Llamas, C.606
- Lleó, C.550
- Lloret, M.360
- Loakes, D.407
- Local, J.293
- Locke, J.296
- Löfqvist, A.417
- Lohr, M.139
- Lombardi, L.645
- Long, C.154
- Lord, G.367
- Losiewicz, B.365
- Lottner, C.19
- Lotto, A.77
- Louriz, N.647
- Lowe, J.134
- Lowenstamm, J.40
- Luce, P.471
- Lynch, J.494
- Macaulay, R.609
- MacKay W.136
- MacKay, I.656
- MacKenzie, L.391
- Malécot, A.473
- Malkiel, Y.13
- Manly, J.292
- Mann, V.422
- Mansuroğlu, M.198
- Mao, Z.253–4
- Marcus, G.214
- Marotta, G.324
- Masel, J.158
- Massaro, D.425
- Mathesius, V.584
- Mayans y Siscar, D.12
- Maye, J.387
- Mayerthaler, W.213–14
- Mayrhofer, M.123
- Mazaudon, M.134
- McAllister, T.75
- McDougall, K.407
- McGillion, M.302
- McIntosh, A.102
- McQueen, J.428
- Melinger, A.362
- Mendoza-Denton, N.611
- Metcalf, G.12–13
- Michener, C.144
- Mifsud, M.280
- Miller, B.486
- Miller, G.130
- Miller, J.30
- Minkova, D.5, 15, 33–4, 49, 72–85, 86, 101, 121, 164, 166, 174, 237, 468, 503, 510, 516–17, 553, 603, 617, 637
- Mithen, S.246
- Mitterer, H.422
- Miyashita, K.475
- Mohanan, T.221
- Molfenter, S.616
- Monahan, P.653–4
- Moon, S.498
- Moonwomon, B.481
- Moore, E.611
- Moore, S.474
- Moosmüller, S.438–9
- Morandini, D.656
- Morrison, C.361
- Mortensen, D.491
- Morton, D.164
- Moscati, S.194
- Moyer, A.606
- Mufwene, S.621–2
- Mühlhäusler, P.626
- Müller, M.290
- Munch, P.633
- Muñoz, C.606
- Murray, R.7–9, 11–32, 34, 44, 51, 102, 188, 195, 203, 206, 216, 228, 263, 269, 316, 411, 427, 450, 452–3, 459, 463–4, 487, 502
- Myers-Scotton, C.662–3
- Nakhleh, L.147
- Namy, L.428
- Nankivel, J.632
- Nathan, G.6, 8, 10, 38, 195, 198, 205, 220, 293, 319, 431–49, 451, 462, 474, 481, 491, 508, 546, 476
- Nei, M.145
- Newman, J.213
- Nicolas, G.153
- Nielsen, H.83
- Nielsen, K.428
- Nittrouer, S.422
- Niyogi, P.160
- Normier, R.123
- Norris, D.428
- Oakes, M.144
- Oertel, H.211
- Oh, T.406–7
- Ohala, J.38, 45–6, 151, 159, 211, 218, 251, 253, 257, 266, 294–6, 307–8, 310, 315, 321, 331, 383, 401–4, 407, 411, 413–16, 418, 421–2, 426, 432, 438, 446, 470, 482–3, 486, 489, 491, 653, 665
- Orgun, O.571
- Ortega-Llebaría, M.402
- Orton, H.167
- Ostler, N.87
- Oudeyer, P.414
- Oxford, W.520
- Page, R.73
- Pape, D.489
- Pardo, J.428
- Parisi, D.156
- Park, Hae-Jeong640
- Park, Haeil640
- Park, W.640
- Paster, M.420–1
- Patterson, D.366–7
- Paul, H.15, 23, 25–8, 30–1, 135, 142, 199, 201, 205–8, 211–12, 214, 216–20, 290, 410, 412, 427, 487, 585
- Peck, S.152
- Peiros, I.143
- Pellis, U.324
- Pellowe, J.166
- Pensado, C.483
- Penzl, H.78
- Peramunage, D.159
- Perin, D.80
- Petersen, U.25
- Pham, A.248
- Phillips, B.6, 8–9, 30–1, 38, 43, 54, 160, 195, 216, 314, 349, 359–73, 378, 380, 403, 440, 480–2, 487, 502, 577, 589, 603, 637
- Piggott, G.527
- Pinker, S.208
- Pisowicz, A.129
- Pitt, M.425
- Pittayawat, P.131
- Plag, I.662
- Pöchtrager, M.321
- Poldauf, I.238
- Polinsky, M.639
- Pollock, S.87
- Port, R.332
- Post, M.448
- Pouplier M.490
- Precoda, K.121
- Premsrirat, S.251
- Prigogine, I.153
- Prokić, J.136
- Przyluski, J.248
- Pulleyblank, E.88
- Purcell, E.251
- Putschke, W.21
- Pycha, A.322
- Rampton, B.611
- Rand, M.475
- Rankin, R.141
- Rapp, B.377
- Rapp, M.18
- Rasmussen, J.129
- Redford, M.237
- Reesink, G.147
- Reiffenstein, I.563
- Renn, J.608
- Rhodes, B.475
- Riad, T.231
- Rice, C.649
- Rice, K.527
- Richerson, P.157
- Riley, R.632
- Ringen, C.533
- Riordan, C.489
- Rissanen, M.360
- Roberge, P.635
- Robert, G.12
- Roberts, Jane74
- Roberts, Julia587
- Roberts, Julie299
- Roberts, P.577
- Robins, R.30
- Roca, I.575
- Rodman, R.291
- Roeder, R.520
- Rohany Rahbar, E.520
- Rohlich, T.97
- Romaine, S.584
- Romeo, L.446
- Ronquist, F.147
- Rose, Y.658
- Ross, A.137–9
- Rott, W.589
- Rumpelt, H.17–18
- Russell, P.201
- Sachs, J.407
- Saitou, N.145
- Sajnovics, J.13
- Salmons, J.3–11, 27, 32–46, 55, 123–4, 126, 131–2, 142, 173–4, 183, 198, 246, 255, 257, 263, 268–70, 394, 418, 423, 441–2, 503, 531, 577, 584, 637, 640, 655
- Samarin, W.621
- Sammallahti, P.194
- Samuels, B.38
- San Giacomo, M.661–2
- Sanders, R.557–8
- Sano, S.560
- Saunders, A.147
- Saussure, F.16–17, 26, 34, 63, 119, 137, 208–9, 216, 291, 312, 315, 374, 502–3, 523, 552, 564–6, 571, 574, 576, 584–5
- Savoia, L.324
- Schabert, P.275–6
- Schadeberg, T.246
- Scheer, T.6–9, 32, 36, 38, 264, 292, 307, 313–36, 354, 375, 477, 451–2, 462, 469, 479, 483, 508, 515, 528, 583
- Scheibman, J.481
- Schenker, A.202
- Scherer, W.19–20
- Schilling-Estes, N.369
- Schmidt, J.394
- Schmitt, N.606
- Schrijver, P.76
- Schuessler, A.88
- Schuh, R.258
- Schulze, J.442
- Schütz, A.435
- Scott, N.444
- Sebregts, K.391
- Séguy, J.144
- Seidl, A.332
- Selinker, L.369
- Sezer, E.203
- Shevelov, G.297
- Shih, C.246
- Shinohara, S.652–3
- Shockley, K.428
- Short, D.200
- Siegel, D.662
- Singh, I.619
- Singleton, D.606
- Skousen, R.208
- Slade, B.546
- Smith, K.155
- Smith, N.296
- Smith, R.134
- Snow, D.297
- Snowling, M.79
- Sokal, R.144
- Solomon, N.381
- Sproat, R.388–90
- Stanley, R.651
- Stark, R.295
- Starostin, S.139
- Steels, L.151
- Stemberger, J.153
- Stewart, M.426
- Stoel-Gammon, C.298
- Storkel, H.299
- Strand, E.422
- Strauβ, U.589
- Studdert-Kennedy, M.422
- Sully, J.290
- Surendran, D.160
- Svensson, A.236
- Swadesh, M.139–41
- Swain, T.632
- Swofford, D.147
- Szigetvári, P.201
- Tabouret-Keller, A.622
- Tadmor, U.139
- Taeldeman, J.283
- Tatham, M.343
- Taylor, A.147
- Taylor, B.139
- Taylor, W.634
- Tennyson, A.80
- Terrill, A.147
- Tesfaye, A.254
- Thompson, L.435
- Timberlake, A.218
- Tolkien, J.514
- Torgersen, E.622
- Toribio, A.640
- Traugott, E.209
- Tremblay, A.654–5
- Turchin, P.143
- Turgot, A.13
- Turner, G.623
- Turton, D.390–1
- Vago, R.533
- Vajda, E.136
- Van Bergem, D.481
- Van Bergen, L.481
- Van der Mark. P.147
- Van Oostendorp, M.282
- Van Turennout, M.367
- Van Wijk, N.39
- Varma, S.458
- Vater, J.15
- Vennemann, T.6, 8, 24–5, 29–30, 38, 123, 128, 130, 211, 213–16, 228, 263, 269, 272–3, 319–20, 322, 338, 356, 368, 393, 397, 434, 450–66, 479, 649
- Verhulst, P.591
- Verwey, W.475
- Villafaña Dalcher, C.408
- Voegelin, C.59
- Von Buttlar, H.589
- Von Mess, A.459
- Vossius, G.12
- Wagener, P.165
- Wagner, H.144
- Walker, J.241–3
- Wallis, J.105
- Walsh, M.160
- Wang, F.253–4
- Wanner, D.208
- Warnow, T.147
- Warren, P.185
- Watson, J.197
- Weiss, M.131
- Welmers, W.619
- West, B.476
- Wetzels, L.203
- Whalen, D.439
- Wheelwright, S.426
- Whitaker, C.302
- White, D.77
- White, L.606
- Widdison, K.406
- Wieling, M.136
- Wiesinger, P.27
- Wilson, C.332
- Wilson, R.588
- Windfuhr, G.522
- Winfrey, O.371
- Winteler, J.26
- Wish, M.145
- Wolf, C.589
- Wood, S.439
- Wright, R.370
- Wu, H.650
- Wu, T.138
- Wurzel, W.213–14
- Yaeger-Dror, M.5, 8, 49, 165, 176, 179, 292, 361, 365, 379, 414, 426, 468, 481, 584, 586, 588, 603–18
- Yang, C.386
- Yeni-Komshian, G.298
- Ying, L.259
- Yu, A.5–6, 8, 23, 30, 38, 133, 211, 250, 266, 294, 362, 383, 401, 407–8, 410–28, 438, 446, 467, 471, 483, 487, 538, 564, 637, 653
- Zec, D.512
- Zettersten, A.633–4
- Zide, N.445
- Zubritskaya, K.546–6
- Zygis, M.554
783Subjects
- acoustics6, 8, 18, 106, 144, 167–8, 171, 177–9, 181–2, 186–9, 220, 236, 295, 306, 333, 338, 340–1, 345–6, 349, 350, 357–8, 379–80, 388, 401, 403, 406–7, 409, 412–13, 417–23, 436–8, 446, 449, 468, 478, 482–3, 486, 488–91, 498–9, 527, 529, 552, 554, 558, 564, 614, 639–40, 653–4
- acquisition
- first language (L1)7, 8, 28–30, 32, 33, 39, 44, 75, 132–3, 152–9, 162, 208–11, 213, 214, 218, 220–1, 224–6, 244–7, 264, 289–312, 322–3, 331, 344–50, 351, 354, 256, 358, 360–1, 370–1, 373, 375, 379–80, 384–7, 392, 397, 401, 408–9, 426, 428, 432–4, 440–5, 449, 451, 483, 491, 495, 497–8, 501, 507–8, 512–18, 521, 541, 546–7, 559–62, 572–3, 578, 583–4, 587–8, 592–3, 596, 599, 603, 605–6
- allophone, allophony35, 55–6, 58, 60, 73, 76–8, 82–4, 127, 129, 164, 178–80, 195, 196, 215, 296, 343, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 380, 388, 389, 423, 435–6, 439, 441–4, 473, 503, 540–1, 554, 563–72, 574–6, 626, 637–9, 641–3, 646–7, 654, 657, 659, 661
- analogy4, 6, 7, 20, 23, 30, 153–6, 162–3, 205–18, 314, 316, 319–21, 330, 335, 361–2, 367–70, 383, 438, 449, 469, 484, 487–8, 492–3, 495, 511–12, 559–62, 577–8, 626
- morphophonemic215
- phonological175
- preventive217
- articulation6–8, 18, 23, 24, 27, 38, 158, 168, 178, 201, 220, 308, 338–41, 345, 359, 371, 380, 383, 402, 406, 412–13, 415–17, 419, 423, 431–49, 467–84, 486–91, 498, 500, 511, 523–7, 557, 562, 662
- articulatory motivation446
- Articulatory Phonology490
- assimilation24, 27, 193, 198, 200, 202, 203, 209, 227, 278, 359, 407, 415–16, 419, 434, 443, 444, 459, 469, 470–1, 472–5, 484, 490, 491, 547, 550, 566, 576, 627, 649, 658
- Ausnahmslosigkeit See exceptionlessness
- borrowing30, 54, 63, 88, 104, 131, 146, 194, 196–7, 207, 233–4, 239, 258–61, 280, 317, 344, 359, 367–70, 386, 573, 621, 637–8, 641, 644–65
- breathy voice See voice, voicing
- categorical (rule, process, status)76–7, 80, 81, 150, 376, 380–3, 387, 389–91, 560–1, 567, 568, 572, 573, 575, 614
- chain shift10, 35, 39, 42, 44, 166, 173–90, 293, 359, 447–9, 534, 538, 552, 555, 556, 562, 585, 588, 594, 630
- push175, 177, 180–1, 447 See also Great Vowel Shift; See also Northern Cities Shift; See also Southern Shift
- change in progress5, 160, 174, 190, 258, 364, 365, 424, 481, 551, 560, 583–94, 597, 598, 604, 614, 618
- children8, 29, 44, 187, 246, 289–312, 322, 335, 338, 379, 384, 387, 426, 433, 435, 437, 439, 442, 515, 547, 578, 583–601, 603, 605, 608, 610, 616, 620, 621, 632, 640; See also first language acquisition
- cladistics146–8
- coarticulation See articulation
- compact See writing systems
- comparative method12, 19, 21, 50–63, 64, 66, 67, 69–71, 72, 87, 88, 108, 121, 132, 134–6, 141, 143, 485, 602; See also reconstruction
- competition150, 157, 363, 380; See also lexical competition
- computation, computational phonology5, 6, 133–48, 149–63, 313–36, 339–44, 346, 348, 349, 357, 375, 377, 380–5, 387, 525, 546, 553, 562, 653, 659
- conditioned sound change24, 123, 129, 146, 173, 183, 186, 188, 189, 194–195, 203, 205, 209, 259, 268, 308, 354, 363, 365, 373, 378, 386, 410, 425, 436, 480, 563–5, 574, 576, 578, 625
- morphologically conditioned sound change388–9 See also unconditioned sound change
- contact
- contrast33, 34–9, 41, 42, 44–5, 55, 60, 64, 69, 70, 72–85, 101, 103, 111–12, 116, 124, 131, 159–62, 173, 176–90, 196, 221, 227, 245, 246–56, 258, 261, 270, 273–4, 293, 298–9, 339, 348, 351–4, 356, 388, 402, 407, 408, 412–13, 420–1, 423–4, 434, 442, 444–6, 448, 462, 496–7, 500, 502–6, 518–21, 522–44, 546, 552–8, 560, 564–7, 573–7, 579, 627, 637–42, 644–7, 652, 655, 656, 659–61, 664
- contrastive feature hierarchy520
- contrastive underspecification519
- contrastivist principle387
- perceptual contrast175–6
- Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis638
- creaky voice See voice
- cycle
- cycles of changesee also life cycle, 20, 246, 376
- degemination See geminate
- deletion118, 135, 193, 194, 199–200, 203, 219, 223, 228, 232, 267, 269, 296, 303–9, 321, 361, 362–7, 383–7, 390–1, 394, 398, 416, 433–5, 444, 448, 456, 472, 477–9, 481, 490, 517, 536, 537, 542–3, 546, 550–1, 555, 560, 563, 578, 579, 585, 609, 648–9, 653, 657, 658, 663, 664
- demorphologization209
- derived environment constraint642
- diffuse See writing systems
- diffusion
- distinctive features, distinctiveness6, 37, 39, 54, 55, 83–4, 103, 190, 122, 125, 215, 246, 247, 249, 251, 256, 412, 422–3, 435, 444, 446, 486, 508, 519–20, 522–44, 563, 567, 568, 645, 655, 657, 658, 659, 662
- dual-mechanism model208
- Elsewhere Condition397
- endogenous See internal/endogenous change, motivations for change
- errors
- statistical141
- exceptionlessness9, 28, 264, 375, 565, 576, 589; See also neogrammarians; See also regularity
- exemplar, exemplar theory and models6, 7, 29, 31, 38, 116, 156, 160–1, 164, 176, 208, 216, 362, 369, 373, 381, 403, 427–8, 437, 468, 481–3, 487–90, 495, 497, 498, 500, 517, 637
- exogenous See external/exogenous change, motivations for change
- external/exogenous change, motivations for change4, 6, 36, 39, 165, 244, 489, 550, 560–1, 584, 620, 635
- fanqie87
- features See contrast; See distinctive features, distinctiveness; See laryngeal features, phonology
- females See gender
- final-consonant loss494–5
- first language acquisition See acquisition
- foot structure See prosody, prosodic hierarchy; See iamb; See trochee; See template
- fortition (strengthening)24, 82–3, 165, 193, 194, 201, 269–70, 273, 328, 434–5, 440–5, 456, 467, 478–80, 486, 490–1
- frequency (effects, of use, etc.)9, 28, 31, 43, 103, 154–7, 206, 213–14, 302, 305, 309, 310, 330, 360–73, 380, 389, 403, 409, 435, 439–41, 465–84, 559, 585–8, 591, 592, 600, 622–4, 628, 658
- futhark, futhorc See runic
- Garde’s Principle189
- geminate, gemination76, 83, 84, 105, 196, 202–3, 219, 227–9, 277, 325, 329, 350, 394, 418, 448, 468, 478, 480, 489, 535, 548–9, 551, 555–6, 648
- generative phonology4, 18, 29, 30, 36–8, 55, 64, 70, 209–11, 234, 290, 293, 313–14, 318, 335, 337–80, 348, 393, 403, 432, 436, 463, 465, 489, 501–21, 529, 546–7, 565–6, 578, 583, 637, 651, 662
- gestural phonology470–1
- Grassmann’s Law See dissimilation
- i-mutation See umlaut
- individual change, individual differences8, 29, 31, 101, 110, 150, 157–60, 162, 166, 170–1, 181–3, 208, 211, 216, 300, 301, 308, 310, 311–12, 321, 337, 339, 346, 350, 356, 363, 369, 371–2, 375, 379, 384–5, 400–9, 411, 414, 425–7, 489, 584–8, 603–18, 660, 663
- innovation8, 16, 96–8, 116, 146, 182, 185, 206–11, 291, 294–5, 306–10, 312, 314, 316, 335, 369, 372–3, 375–6, 378–80, 384–5, 392, 395, 400–9, 414–15, 427, 483, 487, 506, 570, 585, 587, 589, 613, 650, 652
- input
- insertion See rule
- intergenerational change8, 29–30, 152–6, 162–3, 165, 181, 187, 189, 220, 224, 230, 242, 243, 290, 292, 295, 300, 312, 338, 356, 386, 400, 501, 507, 547, 551, 560, 583, 585–9, 594, 596, 599, 601–2, 604, 606, 619, 620–1, 634; See also transmission
- internal/endogenous change, motivations for change5, 33, 39, 187, 230, 247–8, 261, 312, 369, 401, 560–1, 587, 619–20, 626, 630, 664
- intersyllabic relations458–60
- intrasyllabic relations454–8
- jan-verbs276–8
- L1 acquisition See acquisition
- L2 acquisition See acquisition
- laryngeal
- learner-language638–9
- learning See acquisition; See imperfect learning
- lenition (weakening)31, 90, 118, 193–4, 200–3, 266, 268, 271, 273–4, 296, 328, 376, 393, 397–9, 419, 434–47, 455, 466, 467, 469–70, 472, 473, 477–80, 484, 486, 490, 491, 493–4, 498–9, 546, 549, 555–7, 585–6, 590, 609, 612; See also reduction
- lexical competition500
- lexical diffusion See diffusion
- lexical representation29, 208, 342, 352, 354–5, 403–4, 431, 433, 437–41, 444, 506–7, 515, 521, 560, 563, 568, 571–3
- lexification337–58
- litteral substitution109–17
- loans33, 45, 87, 89–91, 94, 104, 118–19, 129, 139, 199–200, 220, 231–9, 243, 259–61, 280, 317, 329, 435, 455–7, 480, 557, 641–3
- males See gender
- markedness36–40, 68–9, 78, 83, 214, 331–2, 354, 356, 375, 395, 450–1, 462–3, 493–4, 519, 527, 546–7, 550, 552–4, 557–9, 568, 661, 665
- sociolinguistic624
- merger (vowel, consonant)35, 37, 42–3, 44, 46, 55–9, 65, 66, 73, 74, 76–7, 82, 90–1, 108, 129, 159, 166–7, 171, 173–90, 247–9, 253, 255–6, 261, 293, 330, 351–7, 359, 432, 441–2, 445–9, 474, 500, 504–5, 514, 546, 550–6, 560, 562, 563, 585, 589, 609, 623, 630, 635, 639, 645–6
- Monte Carlo tests140–2
- morphography104
- Morphology-Free Phonetics388–92
- native language168, 637–9, 641; See also acquisition
- near merger See merger (vowel, consonant)
- neogrammarians, neogrammarian9, 11–31, 34, 35, 188, 195, 201, 206–18, 289, 316, 318, 338, 359, 360, 365, 368, 369, 371–3, 374–6, 378, 379–82, 383, 388, 399, 410, 432, 463, 464, 487, 489–90, 501–3, 511, 564, 576, 584
- Observer’s Paradox171
- ogham73
- Optimality Theory7, 38, 39, 293, 319, 331–2, 342, 374, 433, 450, 451, 463, 466, 489, 528, 545–62, 651, 655; See also Stratal OT
- orthography See writing systems
- palatalization, palatality68, 81, 83, 105, 119, 195, 198, 202, 298, 303–5, 315, 317–18, 322, 366, 419, 443, 446, 473–7, 483, 486, 491, 528–9, 547, 553–5, 558, 567–8, 575, 642
- perception6, 28, 38, 43, 75, 77–80, 136, 156, 158–9, 171–2, 175–7, 178, 182, 184–6, 188–90, 206, 211, 213, 218, 248, 257, 294–6, 298, 311, 338, 373, 380, 383, 387, 400–3, 406–9, 411–17, 423–8, 431–2, 434–8, 441–3, 449, 467, 478, 482–4, 486, 489–91, 497, 500, 511, 540, 547, 552–5, 557–8, 561–2, 567–8, 572–3, 575–6, 603, 640, 644, 645, 652, 655–60, 663–5
- imperceptibility hypothesis30
- perceptual adaptation652–4
- perceptual compensation422
- perceptual markedness83 See also misperception
- phenetics144–6
- phoneme15, 19, 26, 28, 42, 45–6, 72–85, 87–8, 90, 93–5, 101–3, 108–16, 119, 159–60, 165–6, 171, 173, 175–6, 178–81, 183–8, 195, 215, 221, 273, 293, 340–2, 346, 348, 359, 365, 368, 423, 428, 433, 440–5, 447, 449, 495, 503–6, 514, 518–20, 523–5, 527, 584–5, 637–42, 644–7, 654, 657, 659
- phonetic change6, 13, 27–8, 55, 60, 254–5, 359, 368, 380, 439–41, 488, 565, 609, 637
- phonologization6–7, 25, 42–3, 55, 196–7, 248, 257, 294, 337–58, 373, 382–3, 386–7, 392, 395, 420–1, 423–5, 441, 482, 486, 496, 534, 540, 559–60, 563–79
- prosody69, 103, 195, 202–4, 219–44, 247, 249, 257–8, 261, 262–85, 306, 365, 377–8, 380, 389, 391, 394, 431, 433, 447, 448, 459, 497, 499, 550–2, 559, 572, 650–1, 653
- reanalysis6, 8, 208–12, 214, 218, 220, 244, 246–7, 350, 379, 409, 432, 492, 505, 511, 512–14, 535, 537, 538, 547, 558, 625
- reconstruction4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 18–23, 29, 49–71, 72–6, 78–9, 83–4, 87, 88, 95, 98, 108, 110, 117, 121–32, 134–5, 145, 243, 145, 250, 252, 255, 264, 294, 379, 384, 393, 396, 502–3, 507, 512–14, 572
- morphological reconstruction62–63
- phonetic reconstruction116–29
- reconstruction error (in simulation, perception)152–3
- reconstructive rule413–14 See also internal reconstruction
- regularity of sound change9, 14, 16, 18, 20, 27–31, 79, 195, 208, 313–36, 338, 349, 372, 376, 380, 381, 399, 433, 486
- Regularity Hypothesis20–2, 30, 369 See also neogrammarians; See also exceptionlessness
- relatedness of languages136–44
- representation, phonological/phonetic8, 28–9, 31, 40, 45–6, 79, 82, 101, 119, 135, 168, 171, 195, 206, 218, 247, 334, 337, 341–7, 350–1, 357–8, 359, 373, 377–80, 383–7, 391, 405, 416, 423, 428, 431, 433, 435–41, 443–5, 481–3, 487–8, 498, 501, 506–7, 520, 522–44, 546–8, 557–7, 560–1, 562, 568
- resolution
- level of, in orthography119–20
- rule7, 8, 13–14, 17, 19, 29, 37, 134–5, 169, 175, 181, 208, 215–16, 224, 234–9, 244, 291, 293, 339, 342, 346–58, 359, 365–6, 375–9, 382–98, 431–3, 436, 443, 465, 489, 501–1, 524, 527, 528, 529, 535, 550, 577, 626–7, 629, 641–2, 651
- crazy313–36
- insertion565–8
- rewrite12
- Scottish Vowel Length Rule169
- second language phonology, L2 phonology637–44; See also acquisition, second language
- shortening105, 194–5, 200, 202–4, 205, 215, 219, 227, 229, 237, 333, 433, 455, 459, 465, 478, 491, 518
- Closed Syllable Shortening315
- significance testing136–44
- similarity
- sociolinguistic587
- sociolinguistics30, 38, 174, 176, 180, 185–6, 190, 294–5, 299–301, 306, 310, 383, 386–7, 393, 401–2, 408–9, 428, 439, 511, 518–26, 581–636, 637, 644, 660, 663–5
- sound to symbol mapping103
- spelling See writing systems
- split33, 35, 37, 42, 46, 142, 171, 173–4, 249, 251–3, 255–6, 259, 261, 293, 410, 417, 431, 441, 442–3, 546, 562, 617, 630, 638–9, 641–3
- strengthening See fortition
- stress7, 79, 81–2, 105, 195–6, 203, 219–44, 245, 247, 260, 267, 271, 272, 279, 282, 297, 309, 315, 323, 333–5, 361–2, 366–7, 386, 393–4, 412, 441, 443–4, 454, 459, 460–2, 480, 492, 494, 503–4, 507–13, 515–17, 560, 566, 575, 578, 622, 644, 647, 649–50
- stress-to-weight550 See also syllable, syllable structure, See also unstressed syllable; See also vowels
- structuralism15–18, 22, 27, 30, 32–46, 51, 55, 58–9, 64, 107–19, 173, 182–5, 193, 196, 314, 319–20, 336, 341, 377, 436, 441, 447–8, 501–6, 563–8, 575
- syllable, syllable structure24–5, 34, 42, 55, 68–9, 79, 87–97, 103, 195–6, 199, 219–44, 245–61, 262–84, 297, 299, 303–5, 315, 321–2, 333–5, 342, 350, 361, 363, 366–7, 371–2, 385–6, 390, 394, 398, 409, 410, 421, 432, 436–7, 439, 441, 447–8, 451–66, 474–5, 477–80, 486–7, 550, 551–2, 566, 568, 577–9, 622, 644, 648–9, 650–1, 653–4
- symmetry (in phonological systems and sound change)33, 35–41, 44, 45, 61, 193, 215, 296, 298, 315, 419, 486, 529, 537
- synchrony5, 7, 8, 12, 23–9, 33, 34, 36, 38, 41, 43, 45, 51, 61, 68, 70, 73, 103, 105, 108, 110, 115, 121–7, 130–2, 144, 159, 164, 172, 190, 197, 216, 219, 231, 239, 263–4, 266, 269, 271, 294–6, 307, 313–36, 339, 340–4, 346–8, 350, 354–5, 356, 373, 374–99, 401, 410, 411, 422, 425, 431, 434, 444, 449, 472, 475, 476, 485, 486, 488, 489, 492, 499, 502–21, 523, 545, 557–9, 562, 563–6, 577–9, 583, 584–7, 589, 590, 598, 604, 618, 637, 640, 643, 663
- Synchronic Base Hypothesis548
- Synchronic Maxim451
- transmission153, 160, 210, 220, 290, 294–5, 300–1, 306, 310, 312, 338, 375, 379, 385–6, 392, 393, 400–1, 408, 413, 483, 488, 501, 547, 551, 583–602, 604–5, 619, 634
- typology5, 35, 51, 61, 63, 66, 68–9, 76, 120, 121–32, 147, 183, 187–8, 195, 200, 221, 265, 317, 332, 374–6, 393, 397–9, 432, 448–9, 483–4, 485–500, 525, 557, 626, 650–1, 661
- umlaut (including i-mutation, i-umlaut)10, 14, 28, 43, 55, 59, 84, 196, 198, 205, 209, 215, 396–7, 421, 442–5, 449, 474, 512–14, 520, 537, 340–1, 563–70, 573–7
- unconditioned sound change129, 173, 183, 194–5, 203, 323, 339, 353–4, 447, 493, 554; See also conditioned sound change
- universals6, 36, 37, 68–70, 72, 79, 122, 132, 213, 214, 244, 265, 291, 294, 296, 322, 331, 333, 346, 348, 351, 357, 359, 363, 374–5, 411, 426, 434–5, 438, 452, 458–9, 462, 464, 489, 493–4, 521, 527, 545, 565, 657, 661
- variation (and change, sociolinguistic)9, 28, 32, 38, 43–4, 46, 55, 107, 116, 157, 166, 174–7, 182, 186, 190, 293–5, 300–1, 306–7, 310, 369, 391, 400–9, 439, 552, 583–602, 603–18, 622–31, 637
- dialectal326–8
- voice, voicing27, 29, 33, 55, 61, 65–6, 68, 74, 91, 122–32, 169–70, 182, 196, 199–203, 248–57, 259–60, 278, 298, 300, 306–8, 315, 339, 346–9, 351, 354–6, 383, 393, 404–5, 416–23, 423–4, 432, 434–5, 437, 444–5, 447, 453, 465–6, 468, 469, 476–9, 489–92, 494, 505, 551, 555–6, 560–1, 566, 576, 627, 637–8, 640–1, 646, 650, 655, 657, 659, 662
- hypervoicing435
- vowels
- vowel reduction See reduction
- weakening See lenition
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