The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing
Published:
01 April 2014
Online ISBN:
9780199984343
Print ISBN:
9780199843886
Contents
End Matter
Index
-
Published:April 2014
Annotate
Cite
'Index', in Michael D. Reisig, and Robert J. Kane (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing (2014; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Apr. 2014), https://doi.org/, accessed 28 Apr. 2025.
Subject
Criminology and Criminal Justice
Series
Oxford Handbooks
Collection:
Oxford Handbooks Online
Index
- AACOLP. See Arizona Association of Chiefs of Police (AACOP)
- Accelerated Hiring, Education, and Deployment62
- Accountability and legitimacy15–21
- citizen oversight18–19
- individual officer behavior, oversight of16–19
- institutional accountability for police performance15–16
- police legitimacy19–21
- Accreditation, control of police misconduct327
- Accumulative harms133
- African Americans
- community policing and7–8
- disadvantages of as suspects484
- police legitimacy, view of250
- police officers59
- police shootings of61
- promotion of57
- urban drug markets, community race and status40–42
- view of police363
- Afro-American Patrolmen's League59
- Afro-Carribeans, illegal immigration and local policing412
- ALLFEDS database292
- ALLSTATES database292
- American Bar Foundation471
- American Revolution, police authority217
- Anderson, Elijah362–63
- Anti-authoritarian force, policing as228–30
- Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 198839–40
- Anti-Gang Initiative62
- Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA)412
- Anti-war protests58
- Applied theories of organizations73–76
- Arab Americans, police race relations354–55
- ARDs. See Arrest-related deaths
- Arizona Association of Chiefs of Police (AACOP)289–90
- Arrest-related deaths, TASER and286
- Asian Americans, police race relations353
- ASIS International583
- Assessing Police Use of Force Policy and Outcomes266
- Assessment, problem-oriented policing107–8
- Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO)521
- Association of European Police Colleges (AEPC)613–14
- "Audience legitimacy254
- Austerity budgets, private policing in public spaces578
- Australia, police legitimacy249–50
- Austro-Hungarian Empire608
- AXON system295
- Bahn, Charles449
- Banishment, practices of in Seattle597
- Bateson, Gregory537
- Bayley, David477–78
- BCS. See British Crime Survey (BCS)
- Beccaria, Cesare634
- "Beltway Snipers628–29
- Berlin Wall, fall of611
- BID. See Business Improvement District (BID)
- BJS. See Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
- Black box evaluations, racial profiling400
- Blackwater shootings582
- Blankenburg, Rudolph55
- Blankenship, Betty59
- Block, Richard449
- Blue Laws against commerce176–77
- Booth, Charles522
- Boston Gun Project113
- Braithwaite, John634
- Bratton, William318
- Compstat and63
- order maintenance policing11
- quality of life policing186
- zero tolerance and181
- Britain, "Anti-Social Behavior" initiative129
- British Home Office460
- Broken windows thesis25, 2, 124, 128
- beyond broken windows131
- community policing and151
- counterterrorism and636
- disorder, effect on crime130
- efficacy of186–88
- experimental designs, use of to study police interventions500–501
- generally172
- limits of129–31
- space, policing of594
- "Broken Windows" (Wilson and Kelling)500–501
- Brokering access, police authority and223–24
- Brown, Lee148
- Brown v. Board of Education177
- Bureaucracy, police organizations70–76
- Bureau of Investigation56
- Bureau of Justice, Police-Public Contact Survey314
- Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)77, 438
- community surveys, use of to study policing451
- Ensuring the Quality, Credibility, and Relevance of U.S. Justice Statistics440
- Hispanics and police race relations350
- Maryland, University of435–36
- Police-Public Contact Survey (PPCS)267
- Burgess, Ernest537
- Burglary, household459
- Bush, George H. W.60
- Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Program40
- Canada, drop in crime186–87
- Capitalism70
- Carnegie Steel Plant573
- Causes of Delinquency (Hirschi)253
- CCTV. See Close Circuit Television (CCTV)
- CEDs. See Conducted Energy Devices (CEDs)
- Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (CSLLEA)436
- Center for Policing Terrorism624
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention287
- Central and Eastern Europe, policing in606
- community policing615
- contemporary police activities611–14
- organizational patterns611–12
- plural policing612–13
- privatization612–13
- democratization610–11
- future of617–18
- organizational patterns611–12
- organizational research615
- plural policing612–13
- police legitimacy, research615
- police organizations, development607–11
- democratization610–11
- English influence607–8
- French influence607–8
- privatization612–13
- Regional Police Training Initiative614
- Soviet Union, collapse of606
- victimization, research615–16
- World War II, period following608–10
- Central European Police Academy614
- Central Park Police Force137
- CEWs (Conducted Electrical Weapons). See TASER
- Chandler Police Department (Arizona)291
- Chapman, Robert623
- Charismatic leaders70–71
- Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department114
- Chicago
- drug dealing42
- illegal immigration and local policing421–22
- police race relations347
- race riots56–57
- systematic social observation of the police472–73
- Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS)11
- Chicago Police Department, Mobile Strike Force370
- Chicago, University of539
- Chinese Americans, police race relations353
- Chronic health conditions, persons with199
- Cincinnati, Ohio
- police race relations342
- racial profiling, traffic and pedestrian stops393
- systematic social observation of the police480
- Citizen input, community policing154
- Citizen oversight18–19
- Citizen reviews, control of police misconduct and325–26
- CITs. See Crisis intervention teams (CITs)
- City of Los Angeles v. Lyons323–24
- Civil proceedings, police misconduct, control of323–24
- Civil Rights Movement6
- Clark, John473–74
- Cleveland, order maintenance policing127
- Clinton Administration63
- Clinton, Bill152
- Close Circuit Television (CCTV)595
- Coca-Cola178
- Cochrane Collaboration504
- Coercion. See Police coercion
- Coercive isomorphism72
- Coffal, Elizabeth59
- Coicaud, Jean-Marc239
- COIN actions. See Counter-insurgency (COIN) actions
- COINTELPRO. See Counterintelligence Operations (COINTELPRO)
- Cole, Catherine136
- College of American Pathologists287
- Colorado, Columbine School shootings179
- Colorado, University of
- Blueprints program63
- Colquhoun, Patrick519
- Columbine School shootings179
- Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice472–73
- Community
- disadvantage, drugs and37–39
- policing. See Community policing
- Community policing7–10, 148–71
- African Americans7–8
- broad function154–55
- broken windows151
- Central and Eastern Europe615
- citizen input154
- Comparing the Effectiveness of Community Policing and Reactive Policing162
- crime153
- crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)156
- defined153–59
- organizational dimension157–59
- philosophical dimension154–55
- strategic dimension155–56
- tactical dimension156–57
- democratization152–53
- evaluating community policing160–64
- Comparing the Effectiveness of Community Policing and Reactive Policing162
- reactive policing163
- evolving police strategies149–50
- Executive Session on Policing8–9
- focus of172
- geographic focus156
- implementing community policing159–60
- information158–59
- international organizations7
- local police and the "war" on terrorism636–37
- management158
- money152
- 1990s62–63
- organizational structure of police agencies80–82
- partnerships157
- personal service155
- police-community relations150
- police organizational development151–52
- police reform152
- police research150
- positive interaction156–57
- prevention emphasis156
- race relations150
- race riots7
- reactive policing163
- reasons for149–53
- broken windows151
- crime153
- democratization152–53
- evolving police strategies149–50
- money152
- police-community relations150
- police organizational development151–52
- police reform152
- police research150
- race relations150
- Regional Community Placement Institutes9
- re-oriented operations155
- space, policing of593–94
- structure158
- systematic social observation of the police482
- urban drug markets, community race and status39–42
- Community surveys, use of to study policing449–70
- awareness456–57
- Chicago452–53
- confidence in police452–53
- cross-sectional versus Longitudinal465–66
- interview mode462–64
- involvement in programs456–57
- neighborhood-level factors453
- police demeanor452
- quality of service467
- random digit dialing (RDD) telephone survey463–64
- respondent selection462–64
- sample size464–65
- sampling and surveying462–66
- cross-sectional versus Longitudinal465–66
- interview mode462–64
- respondent selection462–64
- sample size464–65
- satisfaction with encounters454–56
- topics452–62
- awareness456–57
- confidence in police452–53
- involvement in programs456–57
- satisfaction with encounters454–56
- underreporting of crime458
- uses and users of police-community surveys451–52
- U.S. Postal Service's Delivery Sequence File464
- Compositional theory, police race relations344–45
- Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 197041
- Concrete resources, police legitimacy and244
- Conducted Electrical Weapons (CEWs). See TASER
- Conducted Energy Devices (CEDs)275
- Confederation of European Security Services (CoESS)576–77
- Conflict theory, police race relations348
- Contingency, ethnographies of policing520–22
- Contingency theory73–74
- Cooper, Sally61
- Corruption. See Police corruption
- Council of Europe, European Code of Police Ethics608
- Counter-insurgency (COIN) actions225
- Counterintelligence Operations (COINTELPRO)225
- Cover, John H.283
- Crack cocaine60
- CRASH unit (LAPD)370
- Crime Act. See Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
- Crime and Justice: A Review of Research504
- Crime, community policing and generally153
- Crime mapping83
- Crime prevention effects, problem-oriented policing and114–16
- Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)156
- Criminalization, mental illness and201–3
- Criminal proceedings, police misconduct322–23
- "Criminological Theories: The Truth as Told by Mark Twain" (Gottfredson)260–61
- Crisis intervention teams (CITs)198
- Culpability, relevance of203
- Customs and Border Protection63
- DARE. See Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)
- DART. See Drug Abatement Response Team (DART)
- Data collection, racial profiling385–86
- Davis, Edward E.510
- Davis, Ray148
- Dearborn, Michigan
- Arab Americans, police race relations354
- Decision making, policing vulnerable populations203
- Denver, systematic social observation of the police477
- Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
- Department of Justice (DOJ), collaboration with629
- police authority and225
- Department of Justice (DOJ)
- Civil Rights Division17
- criminal proceedings322
- deadly force, use of601–2
- Department of Homeland Security (DHS), collaboration with629
- Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Program40
- Operation Ceasefire and113
- police coercion and444
- TASER and288
- terrorism and623
- Dialogical enterprise, policing as228–30
- Diffusion of innovation theory280–301. See also Innovation, restraint and
- Disadvantage, community
- drugs and37–39
- Disorder. See also Order maintenance policing
- effect on crime130
- preventing136–37
- shared space, as unfair use of132–35
- Disparate impact discrimination, racial profiling387
- Disparate treatment discrimination, racial profiling387
- Distributive justice, police legitimacy and244
- Diversification
- DMAP. See Drug Market Analysis Program (DMAP)
- DOJ. See Department of Justice
- Domestic violence, policing
- experimental designs503
- Douglas, William127
- Dragnet (tv show)593
- Drug Abatement Response Team (DART)502
- Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)60–61
- Drug markets. See Policing urban drug markets
- Drug problems, experimental designs and policing places with501–3
- Druze Arabs, Israel340
- Duchamp, Marcel5
- Dyzenhaus, David239
- Early warning systems, control of police misconduct320–21
- Eastern Europe, policing in. See Central and Eastern Europe, policing in
- East Germany, policing in609–10
- Educational role of the police137
- Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Program40
- Eighteenth Amendment178
- Emotions, ethnographies of policing and536
- Empirical principle, problem-oriented policing117
- Enforcement.
- England. See also Britain; See also England and Wales; See also London
- Audit Commission16
- National Reassurance Policing Programme (NRPP)12
- order maintenance policing11–12
- England and Wales
- Audit Commission16
- police community support officers (PCSOs)576
- Special Constabulary Act of 1831576
- Ensuring the Quality, Credibility, and Relevance of U.S. Justice Statistics (BJS)440
- Environmental characteristics, restraint and291–93
- geographic settings291–92
- political conditions291
- societal culture292
- Erikson, Kai Theodor174
- Ethnographies of policing518–48
- chapters524–32
- contingency520–22
- Ethnographies of policing (Cont.)emotions and536
- fading of ethnography537–39
- focus520–22
- gender considerations527
- mandate520–22
- monographs524–32
- multiple realities of policing533–34
- New Orleans Police Department530
- occupational ethnographic studies524–32
- Table 23.1 ethnographic monographs with a police occupation focus526
- officially recorded data (ORD)520
- organizational ethnographic studies524–32
- Table 23.2 ethnographic monographs with a police organizational focus528
- policing519–20
- race considerations527
- strategy520–22
- Table 23.1 ethnographic monographs with a police occupation focus526
- Table 23.2 ethnographic monographs with a police organizational focus528
- Table 23.3 salient ethnographic chapters and articles on policing531
- tactics520–22
- theme520–22
- Wickersham report519
- European Code of Police Ethics608
- European Commission617
- European Police Office (EUROPOL)613
- EUROPOL. See European Police Office (EUROPOL)
- Evidence-Based Policing Matrix505–8
- FIGURE 22.1 The evidence-based policing matrix507
- FIGURE 22.2 The evidence-based police matrix (experiments only)508
- Evidence, systematic social observation of the police483
- Evolving police strategies, community policing and149–50
- "The Evolving Strategy of Policing" (Kelling and Moore)148
- Executive Session on Policing8–9
- Experimental designs, use of to study police interventions497–517
- broken windows thesis500–501
- Cochrane Collaboration504
- doing police experiments508–12
- domestic violence, policing503
- Drug Abatement Response Team (DART)502
- drug problems, policing places with501–3
- Evidence-Based Policing Matrix505–8
- FIGURE 22.1 The evidence-based policing matrix507
- FIGURE 22.2 The evidence-based police matrix (experiments only)508
- foot patrols500–501
- history of police experiments498–503
- broken windows thesis500–501
- domestic violence, policing503
- Drug Abatement Response Team (DART)502
- drug problems, policing places with501–3
- foot patrols500–501
- Jersey City DMAP experiment502
- Kansas City "raid" experiment501–2
- "Koper Curve500
- Martinson Report498
- Philadelphia foot patrol experiment501
- preventive patrolling499–500
- San Diego experiment502
- institutionalizing experimental research in policing503–5
- systematic reviews of experimentation504–5
- Jersey City DMAP experiment502
- Kansas City "raid" experiment501–2
- "Koper Curve500
- Martinson Report498
- Maryland Report503–5
- Philadelphia foot patrol experiment501
- preventive patrolling499–500
- Project on Policing Neighborhoods (POPN)502
- San Diego experiment502
- Spousal Assault Replication experiments512
- systematic reviews of experimentation504–5
- Experimental methods to obtain evidence, zero tolerance and policing192
- Fairness-legitimacy nexus563
- "Fare beaters" (New York City)11
- Fear. See also Fear of crime
- crime, governance through190–91
- War on Terror, local police and632–34
- Fear of crime
- age and gender462
- community surveys, use of to study policing461–62
- terrorism639
- "threat" definitions of crime461
- zero tolerance and policing183
- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)56–57
- Counterintelligence Operations (COINTELPRO)225
- terrorism and22
- Federal Housing Administration (FHA)36
- FHA. See Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
- Fifth Amendment warnings321–22
- Firth, Raymond537
- Focus, ethnographies of policing520–22
- Fogelson, Robert126
- Force. See Police coercion
- Formalization, structure of police organizations81
- Foucault, Michel223
- Fouche, Joseph608
- Franklin, Ben185
- French Revolution, police authority217
- Frontex Agency613
- Funding Accelerated for Smaller Towns62
- Fusions, liberal-consent democracies224–26
- Gang drug-dealing organizations38
- Gang violence, Boston Police Department Operation Ceasefire112–14
- Garofalo, James477–78
- Garrity v. New Jersey319
- Gary, Indiana
- systematic social observation of the police471
- Gascon, George292
- Geller, William280
- Generalizability, systematic social observation of the police487–88
- Geographic focus, community policing156
- Geographic information systems (GIS)597–98
- Geographic settings, restraint and291–92
- German Police University in Muenster617
- G4S580–81
- GIS. See Geographic information systems (GIS)
- Glendale Police Department (Arizona)291
- Globalization, private policing in public spaces580–81
- Goldstein, Herman12, 101, 103, 111–12, 114–17, 128, 532
- Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing111
- Problem-Oriented Policing132
- "Good faith" exception to exclusionary rule60
- Gorbachev, Mikhail610
- Gottfredson, Don260–61
- Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB)438
- Governmental authority, police authority and222–23
- Graffiti460
- Greene, Jack631
- Green, Malice344
- Group-position thesis, police race relations342
- Gunn, David136–37
- Habsburg Monarchy607
- Harmonization, private policing in public spaces583–84
- Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914178
- Harvard University148
- Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing111
- History of police, recent3–33
- accountability and legitimacy15–21
- citizen oversight18–19
- individual officer behavior, oversight of16–19
- institutional accountability for police performance15–16
- police legitimacy19–21
- community policing7–10
- crime rates, 1960s to mid-1980s6
- individual officer behavior, oversight of
- early intervention systems17–18
- order maintenance policing10–12
- recent history of the police
- terrorism, policing21–24
- reforms, strategic4–14
- community policing and order maintenance policing7–12
- problem-oriented policing12–13
- standard model of policing5–6
- terrorism, policing21–24
- Hitler, Adolph70–71
- "Hit rate," searches and seizures395
- HOLC. See Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC)
- Homeland Security and Emergency Management Agency (HSEMA)624
- Homeless population, policing199
- Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC)36
- Homestead Riots (1892)573
- Homogenization76
- Hoover, Herbert56
- Hoover, J. Edgar57
- Hot spots policing451–52
- Kansas City Patrol Experiment14
- Minnesota Hot Spots Patrol Experiment14
- zero tolerance and191
- Hungary, Civil Guard612
- I-95 corridor of Eastern Seaboard, racial profiling384–85
- Illegal immigration and local policing409–29
- Afro-Carribeans412
- Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA)412
- communities, enforcement of immigration laws418–19
- conflicting roles of officers417–20
- devolution of immigration enforcement authority410
- federal and local law enforcement, partnerships between410
- history of undocumented immigration and local policing411–14
- immigration-crime nexus, Latino paradox and412–14
- Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)414–15
- inconsistencies in enforcing immigration laws419–20
- Latino Paradox412–14
- local law enforcement414–17
- communities, effects of local law enforcement involvement on422–23
- communities, enforcement of immigration laws418–19
- conflicting roles of officers417–20
- immigrant cooperation with, social costs421–22
- pressures on local police416–17
- Mexicans411
- "mixed-status" households423
- policies, changing414–17
- pressures on local police416–17
- Illinois Crime Survey56
- Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). See U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
- Immigration, illegal. See Illegal immigration and local policing
- Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)414–15
- Indianapolis, systematic social observation of the police481
- Individualistic approach, theories of police misconduct
- excessive force, use of311–12
- police corruption307
- Information, community policing and158–59
- Infrequent events, systematic social observation of the police486–87
- Inner city, policing and race362–82
- minority males362–63
- police legitimacy365–68
- aggressive urban policing, erosion of police legitimacy and369–71
- inner city police, procedural justice and368
- policy recommendations371–76
- identification and discipline of officers who mistreat citizens373–75
- mobilization of community375–87
- procedural justice as administrative mandate372–73
- publicizing incidents of wrongdoing375
- progressive policing model366
- urban populace, earning and maintaining respect of365
- Innovation, restraint and
- diffusion of innovation theory280–301.
- environment, characteristics of291–93
- geographic settings291–92
- political conditions291
- societal culture292
- future innovation295–06
- innovation as standard practice296
- innovation, characteristics of283–87
- benefits284–87
- costs284–87
- introduction283–84
- private consequences284
- public consequences284
- innovators, characteristics of287–91
- familiarity with the innovation289
- personal characteristics of innovator290–91
- social networks of innovators287–89
- societal entity of innovators287–89
- socioeconomic characteristics of innovator290–91
- status of innovator290–91
- unsuccessful innovation294–95
- Institute of Clinical Justice and Criminology435
- Institutional accountability for police performance15–16
- Institutionalized organizations, police legitimacy559
- Instrumental effectiveness, police legitimacy556–57
- Intelligence-led policing172
- International organizations, community policing7
- IT. See Technology
- Jacob, Herbert449
- Jersey City DMAP experiment502
- Kansas City "raid" experiment501–2
- KCPD. See Kansas City Police Department (KCPD)
- Kelling, George
- "Broken Windows500–501
- community policing and151
- "The Evolving Strategy of Policing148
- War on Terror and634–35
- Kennedy School of Government8–9
- Kimmerer, Clark590
- King, Martin Luther, Jr.71
- Klinger, David483–84
- Kohler, Fred127
- "Koper Curve500
- Landlords, urban drug markets and43
- Latino Paradox412–14
- Law Enforcement Executive Forum289
- Law Enforcement Statistics: The State of the Art (Ucihda et al.)436
- Lawlessness in Law Enforcement (National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement)56
- Leach, Edmund537
- Legality, police legitimacy242–43
- Legitimacy. See Accountability and legitimacy; See Police legitimacy
- Legitimacy and Criminal Justice (Tonry)249
- Levi-Strauss, Claude537
- Liberal-consent democracies, police authority in217–37
- anti-authoritarian force, policing as228–30
- balance221
- brokering access223–24
- dialogical enterprise, policing as228–30
- fusions224–26
- geography of authority222–26
- governmental authority and222–23
- liberal democracies, generally218–22
- negative rights219–20
- neoconservative position and224
- plural policing224–26
- police discretion, plural authority and226–28
- positive rights221–22
- prerogative power222
- scorecard for anti-authoritarian policing230–31
- Livingston, Debra140
- LLEBG. See Local Enforcement Block Grant (LLEBG)
- Local Enforcement Block Grant (LLEBG)62
- Local police and the "war" on terrorism623
- allocation of resources630–32
- community policing636–37
- fear, reification of632–34
- multiple goals630–32
- net widening problem634–36
- paramilitarization of the police632–34
- police departments, fighting terrorism by634–36
- research issues for637–39
- slippery slope problem632–34
- technology, use of637
- terrorism, role of the police625–27
- London Olympics584
- Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD)296
- Los Angeles Police Department317
- battering ram vehicle, use in drug houses42
- Board of Inquiry318
- CRASH unit370
- militarization and86
- National Counter Terrorism Academy624
- Professional Movement593
- Los Angeles Rampart Scandal270
- Lowell, Massachusetts Police Department510
- LRAD. See Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD)
- Major Cities Chiefs417
- Making Officer Redeployment Effective (MORE)62
- Malinowski, Bronislaw537
- Malvo, Lee Boyd628–29
- Management, community policing158
- Mandate, ethnographies of policing520–22
- Mao Zedong71
- Maribor, University of (Slovenia)617
- Marine spatial management600
- Marks, Monique533–34
- Martinson Report498
- Maryland, University of
- Institute of Clinical Justice and Criminology435
- Maryland Report503–5
- Preventing Crime63
- Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START)22
- Mass media, police race relations and344
- Mastrofski, Stephen475–76
- Matrix. See Evidence-Based Policing Matrix
- Mayhew, Henry522
- McKay, Henry537
- Mead, Margaret537
- Media, police race relations and356–57
- Memphis, Tennessee
- crisis intervention team (CIT)206
- Mental illness
- criminalization and201–3
- drug use and202–3
- history of people with mental illness in the community200–201
- mercy bookings201–3
- military recruits, history200
- myth of criminalization201–3
- policing and199–203
- crisis intervention teams (CITs)206–7
- current models of police response205–7
- history of people with mental illness in the community200–201
- identification of mentally ill208–9
- mercy bookings201–3
- multiple roles of mentally ill209
- myth of criminalization201–3
- police response, current models of205–7
- role of police, understanding201
- social disorganization theory and203–4
- role of police, understanding201
- Mercy bookings, mental illness201–3
- Mexican Americans, "Zoot Suit" riot57–58
- Mexicans, illegal immigration and local policing411
- Miami-Dade Police Department316
- Miami River cops scandal270
- Micro-social focus, systematic social observation of the police486
- MIDCARS (Minnesota Interaction Data Coding and Reduction System)474
- Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT)225
- Military recruits, mental illness, history200
- Mimetic isomorphism72
- Minnesota Domestic Violence Experiments251
- Minnesota Interaction Data Coding and Reduction System (MIDCARS)474
- "Minority threat," conflict theory and348–49
- Misconduct. See Police misconduct
- "Mixed-status" households, illegal immigration and423
- Model Penal Code264
- Mode of incorporation thesis, police race relations340–42
- Monell v. Department of Social Services323
- Money, community policing and152
- Monroe v. Pape323
- Moore, Mark148
- Morton, John423
- Muhammad, John Allen628–29
- Multiple realities of policing533–34
- Muslim Arabs, Israel340
- Napoleonic police structure608
- National Academy of Science (NAS)433, 440
- Committee to Review Research on Policy Policy and Practices114
- National Association of Medical Examiners287
- National Center for Problem-Oriented Policing (CPOP)129
- National Chief's Union55
- National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement56
- National Counter Terrorism Academy624
- National Institute of Justice (NIJ)521
- community policing and148
- ethnographies of policing and521
- experimental designs and501
- police administrative records437
- police coercion and265
- restraint and285–87
- National Opinion Research Center436
- National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE)288
- National Prohibition Act of 1918178
- National Reassurance Policing Programme (NRPP)12
- National Research Council
- community surveys453
- ethnographies of policing531
- police misconduct and307
- zero tolerance and188–90
- Nazis609
- Negative rights, police authority and219–20
- Neighborhood racial and class composition, police race relations and345–47
- Neustadt University of Applied Sciences in Vienna617
- Newark, community surveys457
- New Deal179
- New Haven Connecticut Police Department137
- New Jersey Office of Attorney General292
- New Orleans Police Department530
- Newton, Isaac189
- New York Asian Women's Center61
- New York City. See also New York City Police Department (NYPD)
- auxiliary police576
- Center for Policing Terrorism624
- Central Park Police Force137
- order maintenance (1829-1900)125
- police legitimacy250–52
- racial profiling, traffic and pedestrian stops391
- stop and frisk policies185
- systematic social observation of the police477–78
- New York City Police Department (NYPD)
- community surveys, use of to study policing453
- counterterrorism225
- institutional accountability for police performance15–16
- Occupy Wall Street230
- order maintenance policing11
- police corruption, 1960s and 1970s304
- September 11, 2001623–24
- Shield and Project Griffin584–85
- supervisors317–38
- terrorism, responses to23
- budget and631
- counterterrorism225
- net widening and635
- September 11, 2001623–24
- zero tolerance and181
- New York City Transit Police128
- New York State Coalition Against Sexual Assault61
- NIJ. See National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
- 9/11. See September 11, 2001
- "Noble-cause corruption306
- Normative isomorphism72
- Normative principle, problem-oriented policing117
- North Carolina State Highway Patrol (NCSHP)391
- Northern Ireland, police ombudsman model18–19
- NSA. See National Sheriff's Association (NSA)
- NYPD. See New York City Police Department (NYPD)
- NYPD Blue (tv show)270
- Oakland (California) Police Department291–92
- Obama, Barack424–25
- Occupational differentiation, structure of police organizations81
- Occupational ethnographic studies524–32
- Occupy movement87
- Occupy Oakland87
- Ocean zoning600
- Office of National Drug Control Policy34
- Officially recorded data (ORD)520
- Oklahoma City Bombings (1995)628
- Oldenberg, Fred128
- Olmstead, Frederick Law137
- Operation Ceasefire, Boston Police Department112–14
- Operation Weed and Seed62
- ORD. See Officially recorded data (ORD)
- Order maintenance policing10–12, 122–47
- broken windows thesis124, 128
- beyond broken windows131
- disorder, effect on crime130
- generally172
- limits of129–31
- Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS)11
- definition of order maintenance122–23
- educational role of the police137
- 1929-1900125–26
- enforcement137–39
- England11–12
- future research140–42
- generally172
- legal innovation and138
- means to end, matching135–39
- educational role of the police137
- enforcement137–39
- preventing disorder136–37
- New York City Police Department (NYPD)11
- 1900-1980126–28
- 1980 to the present128–29
- origins of10
- "padlock laws138
- police discretion139–40
- police tactics, future research141–42
- preventing disorder136–37
- rationale for order maintenance129–35
- beyond broken windows131
- disorder as unfair use of shared space132–35
- limits of broken windows129–31
- problem-oriented policing and131–32
- regulating police discretion139–40
- rise and fall of order maintenance124–29
- retrenchment (1900-1980)126–28
- revival (1980 to the present)128–29
- roots of order maintenance (1829-1900)125–26
- "soft" crimes135–36
- Organizational dimension of community policing157–59
- Organizational ethnographic studies524–32
- Organizational patterns
- Central and Eastern Europe, policing in611–12
- "Outcome test," searches and seizures396
- "Padlock laws138
- Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville127
- Paramilitarization of the police, War on Terror632–34
- Paris, Arabs341
- Parkhurst, Reverend Charles54
- Parks, Roger474–76
- Particularization of knowledge, policing vulnerable populations203
- Partnerships, community policing157
- PCA. See Posse Comitatus Act (PCA)
- PCP. See Policing in Cincinnati Project
- Peace Officer Standards and Training Commission (POST)288
- Pedestrian stops. See Traffic and pedestrian stops
- Peel, Sir Robert606–8, 633. See also "Peel model" of policing
- PERF. See Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)
- Performance, police legitimacy and245
- Personal characteristics of innovator290–91
- Personal service, community policing155
- Petersilia, Joan510
- Pew Research Center23
- Philip-Sörensen, Erik580–81
- Philip-Sörensen, Sven581
- Phoenix Police Department (Arizona)291
- Place-based tactics173
- Plural policing, Central and Eastern Europe612–13
- Police activity and legitimacy554–57
- Police Administration (Vollmer)58
- Police administrative records as social science data433
- future of police administration445–47
- police coercion442–45
- reliability issues440–42
- systematic data collection434–37
- unsystematic data collection, police use of force442–45
- FIGURE 19.1 Reported rates of physical force in 36 studies443
- validity issues440–42
- Police agencies, responses to political pressure52–53
- Police authority
- anti-authoritarian cops, case for217–37
- innovation, restraint and280–301
- in liberal-consent democracies. See Liberal-consent democracies, police authority in
- police coercion260–79
- police legitimacy238–59
- TASER, use of280–301.
- use and abuse of481–82
- Police brutality58
- Police chief/administration
- police misconduct, control of316–17
- Police coercion260–79
- appropriate force264
- Assessing Police Use of Force Policy and Outcomes266
- avoiding use of force265
- coercion, defining263–65
- corruption, force as mechanism of269–70
- elusiveness of force theory273–74
- excessive force, use of310–14
- causes of311–13
- individualistic approach311–12
- organizational approach312–13
- Police-Public Contact Survey314
- situational approach312
- sociological approach313
- as force, defining as263–65
- forms of force, distinguishing between264–65
- how often force used265–67
- illegitimate coercion269–70
- impact of force274–75
- inappropriate force264–65
- legitimate coercion268–69
- legitimate/illegitimate coercion271–73
- as misconduct305
- police administrative records as social science data442–45
- "police culture" and271–72
- "police personality" and272
- reasons for use of267
- Police-community relations150
- Police corruption305–9
- causes of307–8
- code of ethics and306
- extent of308–9
- force as mechanism of270
- functional theories of307
- gains of306
- hypothetical scenarios306–8
- individualistic theories of307
- motivation for305
- "noble-cause corruption306
- occupational theories of307
- organizational theories of307–8
- sociological theories of308
- surveys, assessment309
- "traditional corruption306
- Police demeanor, community surveys452
- Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)13, 103, 288
- Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing111
- Survey of Police Operational and Administrative Practices435
- Police legitimacy19–21, 238–59
- aggressive urban policing, erosion of police legitimacy and369–71
- "audience legitimacy254
- as authorization555–56
- Central and Eastern Europe615
- concept of legitimacy240–46
- Beetham's Three Dimensions of Legitimacy242
- legality242–43
- shared values243–45
- concrete resources244
- consequences of250–53
- defined240
- determinants of248–50
- dialogic nature of553–54
- distributive justice244
- empirical account553
- fairness-legitimacy nexus563
- future research, areas for253–55
- identification with police556
- institutionalized organizations559
- instrumental effectiveness and556–57
- legality242–43
- "legitimacy-in-context242
- measurement247–48
- performance245
- police activity and legitimacy554–57
- policy implications562–65
- "power-holder legitimacy254–55
- procedural injustice555
- procedural justice model244–45, 366–69
- as administrative mandate372–73
- benefits of368–69
- mobilization of community375–77
- police activity and legitimacy554–55
- rational/legal366
- research, results of246–53
- consequences of legitimacy250–53
- determinants of police legitimacy248–50
- measuring police legitimacy247–48
- shared values243–45
- sources of legitimacy554
- symbolic resources244
- theoretical implications561–62
- Police misconduct302–16
- accreditation, control and327
- citizen reviews, control and325–26
- civil proceedings, control and323–24
- control of315–29
- accreditation327
- citizen reviews325–26
- civil proceedings323–24
- criminal proceedings322–23
- early warning systems320–21
- Police misconduct (Cont.)Fifth Amendment warnings321–22
- independent commissions324–25
- internal control318–20
- internal mechanisms of control315–21
- mixed mechanisms of control325–27
- official rules and policies315–16
- police chief/administration316–17
- supervisors317–18
- U.S. Supreme Court321–24
- criminal proceedings, control and322–23
- early warning systems, control and320–21
- excessive force, use of305, 310–14
- causes of311–13
- extent of313–14
- Fourth Amendment standard310–14
- individualistic approach311–12
- organizational approach312–13
- Police-Public Contact Survey314
- situational approach312
- sociological approach313
- Fifth Amendment warnings321–22
- forms of304–5
- legal rules304
- omission304
- police chief/administration, control and316–17
- police corruption305–9
- causes of307–8
- code of ethics and306
- extent of308–9
- functional theories of307
- gains of306
- hypothetical scenarios306–8
- individualistic theories of307
- motivation for305
- "noble-cause corruption306
- occupational theories of307
- organizational theories of307–8
- sociological theories of308
- surveys, assessment309
- "traditional corruption306
- sexual violence305
- social disorganization theory and205
- supervisors, control and317–18
- U.S. Supreme Court, control and321–24
- Police ombudsman model, Northern Ireland18–19
- Police organizational development, community policing and151–52
- Police organizations68–98
- applied theories of organizations73–76
- bureaucracy70–76
- militarization85–87
- rationality70–76
- structure of police organizations79–82
- technology82–85
- Police race relations339–61
- African Americans355
- Arab Americans354–55
- Asian Americans353
- Chinese Americans353
- citizens' orientation to state339–61
- compositional theory344–45
- conflict theory348
- good experience, impact of344
- group-position thesis342
- Hispanics350–52
- historical patterns340–41
- mass media and344
- media, effects of356–57
- "minority threat," conflict theory and348–49
- mode of incorporation of race or ethnic groups340–42
- Muslim Americans353–55
- neighborhood racial and class composition345–47
- new directions352–57
- qualitative studies, conducting of355–56
- segregation and349
- social disorganization theory346
- social interactionism343
- social learning theory343–44
- social media effects356–57
- social-psychological models342–43
- subordinate racial/ethnic groups and340
- theoretical frameworks341–49
- under-researched populations, examination of352–55
- young minority males356
- Police reform, community policing and152
- Police research, community policing and150
- Police responsiveness, systematic social observation of the police482
- Police support, systematic social observation of the police482
- Policing contexts
- police organizations68–98
- policing urban drug markets34–48
- politics of policing49–67
- recent history of the police3–33
- Policing into the future
- Central and Eastern Europe, policing in606
- local police and the "war" on terrorism623
- police legitimacy, theory and policy551–70
- private policing in public spaces571–88
- space, policing of589–705
- Policing strategies
- community policing148–71
- order maintenance policing122–47
- policing vulnerable populations197–213
- problem-oriented policing101–21
- zero tolerance and policing172–96
- Policing urban drug markets34–48
- community disadvantage37–39
- community race and status39–42
- drug crime, structural shifts and opportunity structures36
- gang drug-dealing organizations38
- opportunity structures36
- segregation and39
- structural shifts36
- systemic forms of violence38–39
- Policing vulnerable populations
- chronic health conditions, persons with199
- culpability, relevance of203
- definition of vulnerable populations198–99
- homeless population199
- mental illness199–203
- crisis intervention teams (CITs)206–7
- current models of police response205–7
- history of people with mental illness in the community200–201
- identification of mentally ill208–9
- mercy bookings201–3
- multiple roles of mentally ill209
- myth of criminalization201–3
- police response, current models of205–7
- role of police, understanding201
- social disorganization theory and203–4
- particularization of knowledge203
- procedural justice, emphasis on208
- public policy implications208–10
- social disorganization, role of203–5
- Policy implications, police legitimacy562–65
- "Political," defined49
- Politics. See also Politics of Policing
- Politics of policing49–67
- early policing, politics in53–59
- crises (1960s and 1970s)58–59
- professionalism, limitations of (approaching the 1960s)57–58
- reform (early 1900s)55–57
- selfish interest, protection of (1838-1900)53–55
- 1838-190053–55
- future of64
- 1890s to the present60–64
- 1980s, tough on crime and60–71
- 1990s, community policing62–63
- tough on crime era60–61
- 21st century, early63–64
- 1960s and 1970s58–59
- 1960s, approaching57–58
- overview50–53
- "political," defined49
- political influence, sources of51
- Politics of policing (Cont.)political pressure, responses of police agencies52–53
- "shady" side of politics49–50
- tough on crime era60–61
- 21st century, early63–64
- women officers59
- POP. See Problem-oriented policing
- POPN. See Project on Policing Neighborhoods (POPN)
- Popular culture, zero tolerance and policing180
- Positive interaction, community policing156–57
- Positive rights, police authority and221–22
- Posse Comitatus Act (PCA)86
- Potentially violent situations (PVs)477
- "Power-holder legitimacy254–55
- PPCS. See Police-Public Contact Survey (PPCS)
- Prerogative power222
- Presidential Crime Commission449
- Preventing Crime (University of Maryland)63
- Prevention, community policing156
- Preventive detention60
- Preventive patrolling, experimental design499–500
- Private policing in public spaces571–88
- austerity budgets and578
- changes of control and574
- current private policing574–78
- changes of control and574
- defining privatization574–75
- diversification575–76
- private market, public penetration of577
- public police organizations, private funding of577–78
- public sphere, private penetration of575–77
- defining privatization574–75
- diversification575–76, 579–80
- Table 25.1 Services Provided by the Security Goods and Services Sector580
- future of private policing578–84
- austerity budgets and578
- diversification579–80
- globalization580–81
- harmonization583–84
- privatization578–79
- professionalization582–83
- Table 25.1 Services Provided by the Security Goods and Services Sector580
- technologization579
- territorialization581–82
- globalization580–81
- harmonization583–84
- private market, public penetration of577
- privatization578–79
- professionalization582–83
- public police organizations, private funding of577–78
- public sphere, private penetration of575–77
- Table 25.1 Services Provided by the Security Goods and Services Sector580
- technologization579
- territorialization581–82
- "Problem of order238
- Problem-oriented policing101–21
- analysis105–6
- assessment107–8
- Center for Problem-Oriented Policing13
- crime prevention effects of114–16
- empirical principle117
- Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing111
- ideal applications of112–14
- normative principle117
- order maintenance policing131–32
- practice of111–14
- problem solving108–9
- Problem-Solving Partnerships Program13
- process of103–8
- rational choice perspective110
- response106–7
- routine activity approach110–11
- scanning104–5
- scientific principle117
- situational crime prevention, theoretical perspectives and109–11
- Problem-Oriented Policing (Goldstein)132
- Problem-Solving Partnerships Program13
- Procedural injustice555
- Procedural justice model
- minorities and21
- police activity and legitimacy554–55
- police legitimacy366–69
- as administrative mandate372–73
- benefits of368–69
- mobilization of community375–76
- police legitimacy and244–45
- policing vulnerable populations208
- Professionalization, private policing in public spaces582–83
- Professional Movement593
- Profiling. See Racial profiling
- Progressive Era593
- Progressive policing model366
- Prohibition and zero tolerance177–78
- Project Griffin584
- The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Weber)70
- PSS. See Police Services Study
- Public housing, zero tolerance and policing179
- Public space
- disorder and132–35
- private policing in. See Private policing in public spaces
- PVs. See Potentially violent situations (PVs)
- Quality of life policing186
- Race/ethnicity and policing. See also Racial profiling
- illegal immigration and local policing409–29
- inner city, policing and race362–82
- police race relations339–61
- racial profiling383–408
- Race relations, community policing and150
- Racial profiling383–408
- Arabs420
- black box evaluations400
- data collection, rise of385–86
- defined386–87
- disparate impact discrimination387
- disparate treatment discrimination387
- history of384–87
- data collection, rise of385–86
- defining racial profiling386–87
- I-95 corridor of Eastern Seaboard384–85
- traffic and pedestrian stops386
- I-95 corridor of Eastern Seaboard384–85
- illegal immigration and local policing420–21
- Latinos420–21
- Muslims420
- research387–88
- statistical discrimination387
- Racial profiling (Cont.)taste discrimination387
- Racial segregation. See Segregation
- Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred537
- Radelet, Louis148
- Random digit dialing (RDD) telephone survey463–64
- Ratcliffe, Jerry501
- Rational choice perspective, problem-oriented policing110
- Rationality, police organizations70–76
- Rational/legal model, police legitimacy366
- RDD telephone survey. See Random digit dialing (RDD) telephone survey
- Reagan, Ronald W.225
- Records. See Police administrative records as social science data
- Reforms
- community policing and152
- Regional Community Placement Institutes9
- Regional Police Training Initiative, Southeastern Europe614
- Re-oriented operations, community policing155
- Restorative justice21
- Richmond, systematic social observation of the police478
- Riots. See also Race riots
- anti-war protests58
- "Zoot Suit" riot57–58
- Rogers, Everett3
- Roosevelt, Theodore54–57
- Routine activity approach, problem-oriented policing110–11
- Ruhr University Bochum617
- Sacramento Police Department, racial profiling390
- Sample Survey of Law Enforcement Agencies (SSLEA)436
- San Antonio
- Hispanics, police race relations352
- San Bernardino County, S.M.A.S.H. unit370
- San Diego experiment, experimental designs502
- San Diego Police Department, problem-oriented policing112
- San Francisco
- Chinese Americans, police race relations353
- San Francisco Police Department292
- Savannah, systematic social observation of the police478
- Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assessment model. See SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assessment)
- Scanning, problem-oriented policing104–5
- Scheider, Matthew C.623
- Schengen Agreement613
- Schmitt, Carl220
- Schools, zero tolerance and policing179–80
- Scientific principle, problem-oriented policing117
- Scott, Michael S.280
- Secret Service63
- Self-interest, hedonistic psychology of130
- Sexual violence, police misconduct305
- Shared space, disorder as unfair use of132–35
- Shared values, police legitimacy and243–45
- Shaw, Clifford537
- Shield and Project Griffin584–85
- Sipowicz, Andy270
- Situational approach, theories of police misconduct312
- Situational influences on police behavior482–84
- Slave laws, zero tolerance and policing and177
- Slippery slope problem, local police and War on Terror632–34
- S.M.A.S.H. unit, San Bernardino County370
- Social contract560
- Social interactionism, police race relations343
- Social learning theory, police race relations343–44
- Social media, police race relations and356–57
- Social networks of innovators287–89
- Social-psychological models, police race relations342–43
- Social science data, police records as. See Police administrative records as social science data
- Social tolerance, zero tolerance and policing174–75
- Societal culture
- environmental characteristics, restraint and292
- Societal entity of innovators287–89
- Socioeconomic characteristics of innovator290–91
- "Soft" crimes135–36
- Solidarnosc Trade Union610
- South Africa, Indians340
- Space, policing of589–605
- approaches to592–95
- broken windows thesis594
- bureaucratic routines and596
- Close Circuit Television (CCTV)595
- community policing593–94
- geographic information systems (GIS)597–98
- legitimacy of state and593
- marine spatial management600
- new frontiers599–601
- ocean zoning600
- Professional Movement593
- Progressive Era593
- regulating595–99
- zoning-based regulations600
- Spano, Richard485
- Spatial differentiation, structure of police organizations81
- Special Constabulary Act of 1831 (England and Wales)576
- Spousal Assault Replication experiments512
- SSO studies of police. See Systematic social observation of the police
- Staatssicherheit609
- Stability Pact, Southeastern Europe614
- Standard model of policing5–6
- Statistical discrimination, racial profiling387
- St. Louis, order maintenance policing127
- St. Petersburg, systematic social observation of the police481
- Strategy, ethnographies of policing520–22
- Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community (Anderson)362–63
- Structure of police organizations79–82
- community policing movement, during80–82
- formalization81
- functional differentiation80–81
- occupational differentiation81
- spatial differentiation81
- Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START)22
- Sunshine, Jason248–50
- Supervisors, police misconduct and317–18
- Sutherland, Edwin240
- SWAT teams294–95
- Sykes, Gary129
- Sykes, Richard473–74
- Symbolic resources, police legitimacy and244
- Systematic social observation of the police471–96
- community policing482
- Denver477
- evidence and483
- future of SSO of police488–90
- generalizability487–88
- infrequent events486–87
- limitations of SSO Data484–88
- generalizability487–88
- infrequent events486–87
- micro-social focus486
- reactivity484–85
- temporal dynamics488
- micro-social focus486
- New York City477–78
- overview478–80
- police authority, use and abuse of481–82
- police responsiveness482
- police support482
- potentially violent situations (PVs)477
- previous SSO-based studies472–80
- Denver477
- Metro-Dade Police-Citizen Violence Reduction Project477
- Midwest City Study472–74
- New York City477–78
- overview478–80
- Richmond478
- Savannah478
- smaller-scale SSO studies477–78
- reactivity484–85
- Richmond478
- role and functions of the police480–81
- Savannah478
- situational influences on police behavior482–84
- smaller-scale SSO studies477–78
- temporal dynamics488
- virtues of SSO data480–84
- Tactics, ethnographies of policing520–22
- Tammany Hall54
- TASER280–301
- arrest-related deaths286
- benefits284–87
- characteristics of283–87
- consequences, public and private284
- costs284–87
- effects of spray285
- environment, characteristics of use291–93
- incident-level characteristics of use286–87
- innovators, characteristics of287–91
- TASER International295
- TASER Research Compendium289–90
- Taste discrimination, racial profiling387
- TCM. See Town Centre Management (TCM)
- Technologization, private policing in public spaces579
- Technology82–85
- Compstat. See Compstat
- crime mapping83
- local police and the "war" on terrorism639
- restraint and. See Innovation, restraint and
- unintended consequences85
- Temporal dynamics, systematic social observation of the police488
- Tenth Amendment627
- Territorialization, private policing in public spaces581–82
- Terrorism
- Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA)412
- crime, treatment as639
- defined626
- War on Terror224
- local police and. See Local police and the "war" on terrorism
- Thatcher, Margaret225
- Theme, ethnographies of policing520–22
- "Thick" security, police legitimacy557–58
- Third Law of Motion189
- Thomas, William I.537
- Thrasher, Frederick537
- Tiedeman, Christopher125
- Toch, Hans3
- Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle (Cover)283
- Tough on crime era60–61
- Traditional authority71
- Traffic and pedestrian stops, racial profiling386, 389–92
- arrests393–94
- Census data390
- citations393–94
- outcomes392–96
- Tuft, Larry449–50
- Turnstyle jumpers188
- Underreporting of crime458
- United States v. Leon60
- United States v. Salerno60
- Universal Hiring Program62
- Urban drug markets. See Policing urban drug markets
- U.S. Commission on Civil Rights17
- U.S. Constitution626–27
- U.S. Department of Justice. See Department of Justice
- U.S. Government Accountability Office415
- U.S. Postal Service's Delivery Sequence File464
- U.S. Supreme Court
- excessive force and310
- police misconduct and303
- police misconduct, control of321–24
- space, policing of595
- Varieties of police research
- community surveys, use of to study policing449–70
- ethnographies of policing518–48
- experimental designs, use of to study police interventions497–517
- police administrative records as social science data431
- systematic social observation of the police471–96
- Victimization
- Central and Eastern Europe, policing in615–16
- Violence and the Police539
- Volkspolizei609
- Volpe, Justin302
- Volstead Act178
- Vulnerable populations. See Policing vulnerable populations
- Wakeman, Stillman S.54
- Waldron, Jeremy135
- Wales. See England and Wales
- Walker, Samuel18
- War on Terror224
- local police and. See Local police and the "war" on terrorism
- Warren Commission. See National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
- Washington, D.C.
- "Beltway Snipers628–29
- Metropolitan Police Department631
- police race relations356
- September 11, 2001631
- systematic social observation of the police473
- Washington State University
- Division of Governmental Studies and Services (DGSS)435
- Watts, Eugene126–27
- Weber, Max
- police authority and219
- police organizations and68–71
- The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism70
- Weimar Republic607
- West Germany, policing in609
- Westlaw292
- Whitaker, Gordon474–75
- Why People Obey the Law249
- Wickersham Commission56
- Wickersham, George W.56
- Wickersham report519
- Williams, John589–91
- Wilson, James Q.
- "Broken Windows500–501
- on coercion271
- community policing and151
- ethnographies of policing527–28
- on police discretion485
- on police legitimacy244
- Wilson, O. W.58
- Wilson, Woodrow178
- Women officers59
- Worden, Robert475–76
- World Trade Center, attacks on. See September 11, 2001
- World War I608
- Wrong, Dennis238
- Youth Firearms Violence Initiative62
- Zero tolerance and policing172–96, 174–75
- American experience176–80
- Blue Laws against commerce176–77
- drug laws, zero-tolerance enforcement and178–79
- popular culture180
- prohibition and zero tolerance177–78
- public housing179
- schools179–80
- slave laws177
- Blue Laws against commerce176–77
- causal progession of crime184
- concept of zero tolerance185–86
- consequences of zero tolerance189–92
- crime through police action189–90
- fear and crime, governance through190–91
- remaining policy192
- crime and174–75
- crime through police action189–90
- drug laws, zero-tolerance enforcement and178–79
- experimental methods to obtain evidence192
- fear and crime, governance through190–91
- fear of crime and183
- history of176–80
- popular culture180
- prohibition and zero tolerance177–78
- public housing179
- remaining policy192
- research questions192
- road to zero tolerance and policing181–85
- schools179–80
- slave laws177
- social tolerance and174–75
- Znaniecki, Florian537
- Zoning-based regulations600
- "Zoot Suit" riot57–58
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