Index

Note: Tables and figures are indicated by an italic “t” and “f” following the page number.

administrative structure, of Zhou state419–23

advanced handicrafts and art, in Neolithic period63–67, 69–70

agriculture. See also Neolithic period, agriculture in
animal husbandry and19, 29, 31, 34–36, 298–99
in Anyang period243
cast-iron tools and600, 605, 608
domestication and23–24, 28, 31–32, 34–36, 42, 76, 85–86, 243–44
in early Neolithic period19–25
land management and, Western Zhou kingship and409–10
in late Neolithic period37
in Liangzhu culture131–32, 132f, 133f, 134
livestock, mu and298–301
in middle Neolithic period28, 31–36
millet and21–23, 25, 28, 31, 33–34, 44, 75
of Qin617–19
rice farming54–57, 56f, 57f, 58f, 61, 131–32, 132f, 133f
ritual, Western Zhou kingship and410–11
royal ceremonies and410–11
of Xinglongwa75–76

alcohol-focused assemblage and food-focused bronze assemblages461–63

Allan, Sarah248

allotments, hereditary502–3

All-under-Heaven (tianxia)496, 508–9, 513, 521–22, 589–93, 678

Analects661, 672–74, 676–77, 679, 682

ancestor rites
Shang period296
in Western Zhou mortuary practices444–47
in Western Zhou state422–23
of worship, cyclical295–97

ancestor worship
Chu713
Zhou437

ancestral cults, Western Zhou period446–47

ancestral temples, Qin565–66

Andersson, Johan Gunnar15, 16f, 19, 242

Anhui province556–57

Anhui site111f, 112

animal husbandry19, 29, 31, 34–36, 298–99

“Animal Style” motif, in bronzes768–69, 770f, 771f

Annals. See Springs and Autumns Annals

“Annals of Yin,”229–30

annealing, iron601

anthropological and archaeological studies, of early China3–4

anti-Confucianism9

anti-Qin Vertical Alliance587–88, 592–93, 667

Anyang232, 445
agriculture in243
burial practices at246
Huanbei Shang City of274–78, 276f, 278f, 279t, 324
rammed-earth construction at246
in Shang dynasty227–31, 240, 243–44, 246–47, 458
three-lobed ding from452, 452f
Yin Ruins in273–75
Yinxu period and site162, 228–30, 243, 314–15, 317–18

Anyang Shang City314–17 See also Yinxu site
as capital625
ditches at site319
layout318–19, 320f, 321–22
walls of319

archery417–18

aristocracy
Bronze Age658, 662, 667
Chu, ancestor-worship of713
Chu coffins for735, 736f
hereditary8, 508–9, 521, 523–24, 658
Jin lineages584
knights and658–59, 662–63
Qin, Shang Yang’s reforms and616–17
shi 士 and658
in Springs and Autumns period502–6, 524–25
Warring States period and509, 662
in Zhou states662

aristocratic combat637

art and handicrafts. See also Chu artShang art
in Liangzhu culture134, 134f, 135f
in Neolithic period63–67, 64f, 65f, 66f, 68f, 69–70, 69f

Art of War (Sunzi)8

Ba425–26

Bai, Yunxiang605–6

Baihuatan hu vessel768, 768f

Baiyinchanghan site79–80, 83

Bamboo Annals (Zhushu jinian)381–84

bamboo pitch-pipes487

bang 邦385–86, 385n114, 420

Banshan cultural tradition38–39, 38f

Baoji site466

Bao of Song (prince)506

Baoshan Tomb 2755, 755f, 767–68, 769f

baowang (violent kings)689–90

“barbarians,”499–502, 712

“Basic Annals of Zhou,”366–67, 370, 374, 378t, 379, 390

Beichengzi site75

Beijing’s Forbidden City327

Beixin cultural tradition25–26, 25f

Beizhao467, 467f, 532–33, 535

bells
bo474, 558
bo zhong563
bronze474, 541, 553–54, 554f, 563, 727f
Chu730–31, 733f
clapper472
dou733f
in Marquis of Zeng tomb474–76, 484, 487, 500
niu475, 480, 486
Qin563–64, 564f
Qin Zi563
in Springs and Autumns period541
in Warring States period475, 477
yong474–75, 480
Zeng480, 481f, 486f, 487–88, 553–54, 554f
zhong541, 558, 733f, 735f
Zhongyi yong480
Zhou472–76, 480, 481f, 484, 486f, 487, 500

Big Dipper, in Chu art715–16, 716f

bi jade107, 109, 112, 126–30, 129f, 135–36

bimetallic weapons597–98, 598f, 608

Bin, location of369–70

Bing (C), Yinxu ritual building337–39, 338f, 340f

Bin Liu4–5, 105

bi pendants, scoop-shaped78–80

bird and snake imagery727–28

bird icons, in Longshan jade-work113, 113f

bird motif. See also feng and long icons
on Hemudu bone utensil64, 65f
on ritual bronzes441
on Songze ceramic vessels67

blind-core technology, in bronze-casting307–9, 309f

bloomery iron598–600

boat technology61–62

bo bells474, 558

Bo Dong gui456–57

bone needles, drilled89

bone tools
Beixin25f
Dadiwan30, 30f
Hemudu, bird images on64, 65f, 67
Longshan43f
plows55–56, 57f
Xinglongwa27f
Yangshao30f

Book of Documents (Shang shu)154, 365–66, 368–69, 377, 379, 381–82, 384–85, 444

The Book of Lord Shang586

Book of Odes (Shi jing)365–69, 374, 382, 384–85, 471

Book of Songs410, 415

Bo Qin424–25

bovine scapulae232, 234f, 235f

bo zhong bells563

“Bright Hall” (mingtang)714

Bronze Age5–6, 228
aristocratic society in658, 662, 667
in Central Plains242
cities667–68
early18, 37–39, 84–85, 240–41
Jade Age before101, 243
Late Shang period and246
metamorphism tropes727f
musical instruments in472
Shang period and240–43
yi 異 spirit metamorphosis; metamorphic mask114–15

bronze alloy192–96

bronze assemblages
alcohol-focused and food-focused461–63
in Late Springs and Autumns period tomb542–43
ritual183, 184f, 533–35
in Western Zhou burials and caches460–65
Xu555
Xue546

bronze-casting
casting-on and pre-casting technology312–13
molds311
piece-mold305, 306f, 307
technology and evolution305–9, 309f
workshop, Erlitou190, 194, 196

bronzes. See also dinggui, hu, jia, Shang bronzes
“Animal Style” motif in768–69, 770f, 771f
bells474, 541, 553–54, 554f, 563, 727f
cached464
in Central Plains556, 558–59
Chu547, 551–56
dagger, with Taiyi image721f
dagger, Zhou724
ding and jia308–9
Early Springs and Autumns period532–38, 537f
Erlitou culture and site190–98, 191t, 195f, 195t
jue190–92, 191t, 197–98, 258–59, 271–72
lamp, Wangshan Tomb 2763f
Late Erligang304, 312
in Late Shang period304–5
in Late Springs and Autumns period tombs542–43
Lu546
Middle Springs and Autumns period538–42
ornaments and plaques194
in Panlongcheng Shang City burials269–70
pictorial766–69, 768f, 770f, 771f
production technology192–94, 196
Qin562–63
swords559, 560f
Warring States period756, 758–60, 758f, 759f, 761f, 762f, 763f, 764f, 766–67, 768f
weapons198
wine flask760f
at Xiaoshuangqiao site279
Xinzheng540–41
Xu555, 558
yi355, 453–54, 453f
Yinxu site304–5, 350

bronze vessels. See also dinggui, hu, Western Zhou bronze vessels
from Cai tomb555, 556f
casting-on and pre-casting312–13
Chu552–53, 556, 728–30, 730f
Early Shang305–7, 306f, 307f
Eastern Zhou727f
Erlitou190–93, 191t
fang yi310f
gong453–54, 453f
from Guo cemetery533
jue271–72
in Late Shang period305, 454–55, 458
li305, 309, 533, 534f
from Lijialou site540
from Marquis Yi of Zeng tomb756
mingqi536–37
mu and298
pan756, 758f
Qin563, 564f, 567
ritual6–7, 191–92, 290, 310, 445–47, 460–61, 464–65, 540, 553
Shang298–99, 452–55, 452f, 458, 464
in tombs and caches460–61
in Western Zhou mortuary practices444–45
yi453–54, 453f
Yinxu period308
zhe453–54, 453f
in Zhengzhou Shang City259–60
zun293, 312f, 453–54, 453f, 733f, 756, 758f, 763
zun and lei305–6, 311

bronzeware craftsmanship, in Erlitou culture197–98

building constructions, of Erlitou culture180–83

building foundations
Huanbei Shang City275–78, 276f, 278f
for Yi (B) section, of Yinxu ritual sacrificial center334–35
of Yanshi Shang263–66, 265f
at Zhengzhou Shang City255–56, 258–60
at Zhengzhou Xiaoshuangqiao278–79

bureaucracy618–20, 628, 639

burial chamber (guoshi)753

burial practices20–21
at Anyang246
at Baiyinchanghan site80
Beixin26
Chahai period78, 83
Chu, lacquered wood and bronze deities in725, 726f, 727
Dawenkou34–35
at Dongxiafeng Shang City271–72
Erlitou205–6, 207f, 210f
Erlitou tombs, social conditions and183–85, 185f
in Glazkovo culture84–85
Hongshan36, 36f
Houli25
in Huanbei Shang City277
jade and ceramics in Erlitou205, 207f
jade in69–70, 70f, 76, 78, 80–81, 83–84, 102, 106–7, 110, 126
Machang39
Majiayao40
Miaodigou33
nephrite jades in76, 78
at Panlongcheng Shang City268–70, 270f
Peiligang22–23
in Shang dynasty246, 257
stone piles in78
Western Zhou438–39, 444–48, 460–65
Wu Ding and339, 341
at Xiaoshuangqiao site279, 280f
Xinglongwa28, 76, 78, 80–82, 82f
Yangshao32
yazhang in Erlitou205–6, 207f
Yinxu royal cemetery and322–24, 323f
at Yinxu sites317–18, 339–44, 340f
at Yanshi Shang266
in Yuanqu Shang City268
in Zhengzhou Shang City257, 258f
Zhou437–38

cached bronzes464

caches and burials, bronze assemblages in460–65

Cai tomb555, 556f

Cajiashan multicolored lacquer134f

calendars
Chu Silk Manuscript717–18, 718f
lunar148
ritual446–47
Shang248, 440
solar145–48, 146t
solar-lunar5, 145, 148–49
solilunar718
in Taosi culture145–49, 146t

Campbell, Roderick322, 388

canoes62, 62f

Cao, Dingyun6

Caojiagang tomb478

capital-dwellers (guo ren)506–7

capitals
concentric form of624
double structure of624
in Erlitou culture177–78, 186–87, 624–25
Liangzhu city120–21
Qin626–27
Shang period230, 316–17, 625
walls of624
Warring States period626
of Western Zhou period625–26
Zhengzhou Shang City259, 318

carapace, OBI and232–33, 233f, 234f, 236f

cardinal directions714

care, in Mohism706–9

CASS. See Institute of Archaeology

casting-on technology312–13

cast iron598f
agricultural tools600, 605, 608
bloomery iron and599
in Central Plains600–601, 607
Chu596, 605–9
distribution and production601–2, 608
in Jin states603–5
Qin604–5, 608
in Springs and Autumns period599–601, 608
technology595–96, 600–601
technology, regional variations602–7
technology, weapons and607–8
in Warring States period595–96, 601–7
in Yangtze River Valley600

ce ming ceremonies387

Center of the Earth concept, in Taosi culture152–54, 156

Central Plains
in Bronze Age242
bronze industry245
bronzes556, 558–59
cast-iron technology in600–601, 607
city states167
ding547
domestication in243–44
in early Neolithic period20–23
Gongyang Commentary on499
iron technology in595, 597
late Longshan era in169
in late Neolithic period41–43
material culture and530
in middle Neolithic period31–32
representative burial sites and tombs530t
Xue bronze assemblages and546

central Shaanxi370–71, 373t

Central Yellow River Valley20

ceramics
of archaeological cultures370
Beixin25f
in central Shaanxi371
clay, in Tangjiagang culture66
Dadiwan30
Erligang371
Hemudu bowl65, 65f
in Huanbei Shang City277
Kuahuqiao site63, 64f
in Laoguantai cultural tradition21
Liangzhu134f
Longshan43f
Majiayao38, 38f
Miaodigou33
Qijia39, 40f
in Songze culture67, 68f
at Xiaoshuangqiao, Zhengzhou279, 281f
Xinle28
Yangshao162

ceramic vessels
Dadiwan30
Eastern Zhou539
Longshan43f
Majiayao38, 38f
Miaodigou33
mingqi539–40
Qijia39
in Qi tombs545
ritual562
in Songze culture67
in Warring States period550

Chahai site78–79, 79f, 83–84

Chalcolithic Age (Copper Age)101

Chang, Kwang-Chih32, 43, 286n1, 368, 738

Changsha605–6, 763

chariots, in warfare418

Chen, Mengjia248, 383

Chen, Zhaorong632

Chen (Tian) family507

Cheng (king)379, 452, 462, 545

cheng, guo and746

Cheng Tang 成湯375

Chengtoushan, Hunan61, 61f

Chenzhang759, 761f

Chen 陳 lineage504

Chertovy Vorota site73–74, 75f, 88

chi152–53

Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth10, 242, 246–48, 286n2, 374n56, 738–39

chimestones473, 476–77, 480, 484, 487, 488f

China Geological Survey15, 16f

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences170

Chinese archaeology15, 17–18, 80–83, 164, 623. See also specific topics

Chinese traditional historiography227, 365, 514

Chiyu719–20

Chongshan Mountain144

Chu
aristocrats, coffins of735, 736f
aristocrat’s ancestors, worship of713
bronzes547, 551–56
bronze vessels552–53, 556, 728–30, 730f
burials, lacquered wood and bronze deities725, 726f, 727
Cai and555
cast iron596, 605–9
centralized power in504
Chiyu and719–20
cosmology711, 714–18, 716f, 717f
Danyang711–12
ding553, 555
dou731f, 732f
historical writings519
hu730, 732f
Huang and555
Jin and497–98, 596
kings521–22
liubo game716–17, 717f
poetry737
population records628
Qin and501, 589, 591
religion7–8, 10, 713–14
religion, art and727
religion, cosmology and714–18
state-sponsored sacrifices713–14
Sui and500
tombs548, 551–55, 557, 601, 605–7, 724, 755, 762
tombs, royal712–13
in Warring States period605–9, 712–14, 717, 740–41, 762
Wei and585, 589
Western Zhou court and712
Zeng and553–55
Zhou and711–12, 714–15, 740

Chu art
cosmology in715–16, 716f, 717f
death and soul in735, 736f
fantastic, animal, and natural imagery731–32, 734
feng and long mythic icons in715, 715f, 717, 720, 723f, 724, 725f, 730, 733f, 734f, 735, 736f, 737, 739f, 741
hunt metaphor for intermediary realm725, 727–29
metamorphic power mask724, 733f
nature, myth and740–41
qiu yi740f, 741
religion and727
Shang period and727
textiles734f
tiger motif in730–31

Chu belief713–14
on death and afterlife736–37
hun soul and713, 725, 727, 727f, 736–37, 741
immortality737
intermediary realm in718–20, 723, 725, 727–29
po soul in713, 736–37
religion and7–8, 10, 713–18, 727
shamanism711, 738–39
sifang cosmology in715–17, 716f, 717f
Taiyi and718–20, 719f, 723–24
metamorphosis303, 711, 713, 720

Chuci737, 739

Chu lacquers762
antlers734
bells and730–31, 733f
bowl715, 715f
box716f, 741
coffins722f, 725f, 727, 729f
dou730–31, 739f, 741, 763
wood725, 726f, 727, 734f, 735f

Chunqiu period475, 477–78, 495 See also Springs and Autumns period

Chuoqun, Kunshan cemetery site70

Chu Silk Manuscript717–19, 718f, 728

cicada metamorphosis symbol, in Shang art290–91, 292f, 293

circle of fifths483

Cis-Baikal region84–85

Cishan cultural traditions21–23

citadel walls, in Liangzhu city121–24, 121f, 123f

clapper-bells472

class struggle203

clay ceramics66

coarsewares, Majiayao38–39

colonies, of Zhou dynasty386–87

column architecture58, 60, 60f

communism708

competitive state202

composite mold set311

comprehensive love. See jian ai

Confucianism9, 410, 437, 443, 628, 708–9

Confucius9, 424, 490, 585
in Analects672–74, 676–77, 679, 682
Annals and513–14, 516
on civilization674
Han Feizi, Xunzi and682–83
on junzi523–25, 673, 677
on knowledge674
Laozi and679–80
on law682
on learning673–74
on li674
Mencius and513, 675–78, 682, 702–4
Mozi and675–78, 685–86, 695, 702–4
on reform of government680
on rituals674–75
in Springs and Autumns period512
on virtue682
world of thought before521–25
Yan Hui and681
Zhuangzi and680

cong jade107, 109, 112, 126–30, 135–36, 147–48

Conversations of the States (Guo yu)366, 368, 379, 381, 383

Cook, Constance A.7

Cook, Scott7

cooking vessels, in Yinxu period307–8

copper
alloys and196
gear-shaped disk149, 149f
inlay, hu552
ores186–87
piece-mold casting process190–91
Shang dynasty and245
at Taosi site149, 149f, 191

Copper Age101

cosmogony
Taosi141–45
time, space and139, 140f

cosmology. See also Taosi cosmology
Chu711, 714–18, 716f, 717f
in Chu art715–16, 716f, 717f
Chu religion and714–18
cosmogony, time, and space in139, 140f
in East Asian Heartland109
Hongshan jade and110–12, 111f
Liangjiatan jade and111–12
Shang248, 286, 297–302
sifang5, 109, 112, 297–302, 715–17, 716f, 717f

covenants629–31, 665

craftsmanship, with bronzewares197–98

craft workshops, Zhengzhou Shang City256–57

crane and lotus motif729–30, 731f

Creel, Herrlee405

Cultural Relics Task Force of Henan Province170

Cultural Revolution169–70

Cuo (king)753f, 761, 771f

cyclical ancestor rites of worship295–97

Dabuzishan city site565

Dadiwan cultural tradition20, 29–30, 30f, 92

Dadiwan Miaodigou29–30

Dai, Yingxin218

Da Ke ding458, 459f

Damojiaoshan platform123

dams, of Liangzhu city124–25, 124f

Dan fu367–70

Danyang711–12

dao144–45
jade blade114

Dao
fa and679
Laozi on679–80
law and9, 679–80, 682

Dao De Jing (Laozi)679–82

Dashigu city site179

Dashishan suburb settlement, of Liangzhu city125–26

Dawenkou cultural tradition29, 33–35, 34f, 67, 235

Daxi culture58, 60–61

Da Yi Shang229–30

Da Yu ding bronze386f

de (merit)443–44

de (virtue)675, 678, 682

decarburized steel601

deception, in warfare649–50

Defoort, Carinne9

Dengfeng Basin167

Dengfeng site163, 167–68

Deng 邓556

de 德7

the Diguan situ154

ding
in Central Plains area547
in Chu tombs553, 555
Da Ke458, 459f
Da Yu386f
Duoyou418
in Early Springs and Autumns period tombs533, 534f, 535–37
Erligang308
gui and458, 462–65, 536–37, 552
from Hougudui site tomb558
jia and308–9
large-scale tetrapod255f
from Late Springs and Autumns period tomb542–43
li and305, 309
Maogong458, 458f
in Middle Springs and Autumns period tombs539–41
Qin562
ritual bronze vessels553
round-belly308, 309f, 311
royal tetrapod289–90, 316
tetrapod455, 455f
three-lobed, from Anyang452, 452f
tripod270, 271f, 299, 305, 307–8, 309f, 756, 759f
vessels, from Guo cemetery533, 534f, 535
vessels, in Shang art293, 452–53, 452f
Western Zhou452–53, 452f, 455, 455f, 458, 458f, 462–65, 557
Xianhou452–53, 452f
Xiao Yu415
from Xiasi cemetery550–51, 551f
yan and308

Ding (D), Yinxu ritual building337–38, 338f

diplomats, in Warring States period664–67

disciples and Masters, in Warring States period661

disorder, Mozi on691–93

divinations327

diviner Zhu357

Di Xin (king)324–25, 337

Di 狄497, 499–500

Djet (king), engraved emblem of130, 131f

domestication42
in Central Plains region243–44
of crops, in Xinglongwa culture76
millet85–86
in Neolithic period agriculture23–24, 28, 31–32, 34–36, 76, 85–86
of pigs23–24, 28, 34–36

Dong
lidded gui of455–56, 456f
tomb of462

Dong, Zuobin238

Dongxiafeng Shang City271–72

dou
bell733f
bowl, Chu731f, 732f
lacquer730–31, 739f, 741, 763
vessel135f, 552f, 763

dou zun, lacquer766f

drilling technology89, 90f, 91–92

drums, Zhou476–77

Du, Jinpeng246, 327

dualism, Taiji141–45

Duan, Hongmei603

dui541–42

Duke of Zhou424–25, 474

Duling site253–54

Duoyou ding418

Du Yu 杜預517–18

early Bronze Age18, 37–39, 84–85, 240–41

Early Chahai period78–79

early China. See specific topics

early Holocene period85–86

early Neolithic period19–29

Early Shang period228n1, 254f, 268, 272, 286, 304
bronze vessels305–7, 306f, 307f
Middle Shang and315–16

Early Springs and Autumns period536f, 537f, 545–46, 564f, 599
tombs532–38, 534f

Early Taosi period139

Early Western Zhou period371, 443, 461, 463
bronze vessels451–55, 452f, 454f
chimestones in476

earthen platforms63

East Asian Heartland171, 712–13
cosmology in109
jade and102, 104
Late Shang culture and240
Yangshao culture in102

east coast of China, in Neolithic period
early23–26
late44–45
middle33–35

Eastern Han dynasty382

Eastern Zhou period3–4, 163, 165, 383
bronze vessels727f
ceramic vessels539
Chu, Zeng and555
diplomacy in664–65
guan buildings748
iron in596, 598
iron industry in607–9, 608t
Springs and Autumns period and528, 533, 538–39
tombs539, 554
walled cities and towns746
Western Zhou period and379–80, 772–73

efficiency, instrumental reason and641–44

egalitarian social structures37

Egypt, ancient125, 128, 193

Eight Armies417

Eight Schematic Directions system150–52, 151f

engraved emblems, in Liangzhu culture129–30, 130f, 131f, 135f

enlightened kings (mingwang)689–90

Erligang culture
Anyang period and244
ceramics in371
ding308
Erlitou culture and195f, 197–98
Late304–6, 312
Shang period and272, 281, 304–5, 307
Yuanqu Shang City and268

Erligang sites
Warring States period cemetery604–5
Zhengzhou253, 258–59, 307, 604

Erlitou culture5, 18, 113, 162, 165–70
bronze in190–98, 191t, 195f, 195t
building constructions of180–83
burial practices205–6, 207f, 210f
capital177–78, 186–87, 624–25
control of resources in186–87
Erligang culture and195f, 197–98
excavation history and finds169–72
jade-working in203
Longshan culture and176, 182–83, 217–18
ritual bronze assemblage183, 184f
royal ritual in203
settlements of176–80, 179f, 185
society of182–87

Erlitou culture, yazhang
in burials205–6, 207f
early period governance and221
feiya of204–6, 205f, 208, 210f, 214–20, 214f, 215f
jade blade203, 206, 206f, 208, 208f
at sites205, 206f
VM3:4203–6, 205f, 207f, 208f, 209f, 210f, 215f, 216–21
zhang, large-scale stone and208–16, 211f, 212f, 213f, 214f, 218–21

Erlitou site228
bronze alloy at192–93
bronze-casting workshop190, 194, 196
bronze vessels at190–93, 191t
as first-level settlement and capital177–78
layout of178f
ordinary dwelling181–82
palace construction at183
palatial enclosure of181f
rammed-earth construction178, 180–83
river channel locations186f
slags at193
tombs183–85, 185f, 247
Xia and624–25
in Yanshi, Henan203
yazhang at205, 206f, 220
in Yiluo region, distribution of177, 177f

Erlitou VM3:4 yazhang203, 207f, 208f, 209f
characteristics of217
dissemination of216–21
feiya and204–6, 205f, 210f, 215f, 217–20

ethnocultural identities, in Springs and Autumns period499–502

etiological method, of Mozi688–91

exorcism295–97

Fa376–77

fa, Dao and679

Falkenhausen, Lothar von476, 501

Fan, Yuzhou5–6

fang297–98, 359, 374, 374n56, 376

Fang, Xianming4, 110

fang hu536, 536f, 542–43

fang yi bronze vessel310f

Fangying Terrace No. 1 (Fangying tai)10, 747, 749f

Fanshan site107, 109, 122, 128f, 129f, 134f

Fan Sui662

Farm Quadrant, in Eight Schematic Directions system152

feiya (serrated handle)204–6, 205f, 208, 210f, 214–20, 214f, 215f

feminization, of warfare644–49

feng and long icons
in bronze hu, from Zheng tomb729–30, 731f
in Chu art715, 715f, 717, 720, 723f, 724, 725f, 730, 733f, 734f, 735, 736f, 737, 739f, 741

Fengchu375–76

fengjian423–24

Fengsu tongyi (Ying Shao)702

feudalism
in Marxist historiography423–24
of Western Zhou period387, 404–5, 416

fifths, in Zhou musical theory483–84

First Emperor of Qin582

fishing, at Yangshao sites31

Five Cities419

Five Directions/Quarters system149

flexible sawing, nephrite jade and87–89, 87f, 88f

flutes, Zhou478

food-focused and alcohol-focused bronze assemblages461–63

food vessels442, 458, 552–53, 755

Forbidden City, Beijing327

fou557, 559

foundations, rammed-earth170–71, 183, 275, 276f, 279, 341 See also building foundations

four-directional cosmology (sifang cosmology)5, 109, 112, 297–302, 715–17, 716f, 717f

four poles, of Taosi culture153–54

Fu, Sinian242

Fucheng Shang City272, 273f

Fu Hao (Fu Zi). See Fu Zi

Fuhegoumen site247

Fu Ji (small king)6

fujie (tallies)631–33, 666–67

funerary parks and tombs, of Warring States period750, 751f, 752–55, 752f, 753f, 754f, 755f

Fuquanshan burials126–27

Fuxin, Liaoning78–79, 79f

Fu Zi (Fu Hao)6, 312, 318, 339
Hou Mu and359
inscriptions351, 352f, 353
oracle bone graphs for352f
tomb of350–51, 352f, 353–60
Wu Ding and353–56, 360
Xiao Ji and354–55
Ya and356
Ya Qi and355–56

Galvany, Albert8–9

Gansu Province19–21, 29–30, 597

Gansu-Qinghai region19–20

gan zhi381–82

Gaojiabao 高家堡 burial grounds445–46

Gaozi677

Ge352f, 357–58, 360, 445

gear-shaped copper disk, from Taosi site149, 149f

Geng Ying414

gilded bronzes, Shang756, 758

Glazkovo culture84–85

gnomon shadow template152–54

Goddess Temple, at Hongshan site36

Gong (king)455, 456f, 462–63

gong bronze vessels453–54, 453f

Gongyang Commentary499, 502, 513–14

Goujian (king)498, 558–59

government and social organization, of Western Zhou401–2, 404

grain storage, in early Neolithic period23

graves. See also burial practicestombs
Banshan38f
Beixin26
Dawenkou34f, 35
Longshan42–43, 43f
Machang38f
Miaodigou33
Peiligang22–23, 22f
Qijia40–41, 40f
Shandong Longshan45
Xinglongwa28
Yangshao30f

Great Declaration676

Great Exorcism rite295–96

Great Settlement Shang317

Great Wall645–46

guan10, 748

guan jars467–68, 467f

Guanmiaoshan site58, 60, 60f

Guan Zhong638

Guanzhong area burial sites and tombs561t

Gua Zhu299

Gu ben Zhushu jinian (“Old Text” Bamboo Annals)383

Guchengzhai168

gu goblet461–62

gui
blade115
Bo Dong456–57
bowl454
ding and458, 462–65, 536–37, 552
from Early Springs and Autumns period tombs533, 534f, 536–37
food vessel442, 458
from Guo cemetery533, 534f
Hu459, 459f
from Late Springs and Autumns period tomb543
Li454, 454f
lidded, of Dong455–56, 456f
Shihu457, 457f
Shishi457, 457f
Shi Song459
Song460f
Tianwang454, 454f
vessels305, 307, 312
Western Zhou bronze vessels455–56, 456f, 458–59, 458f, 462–64
Yi Hou Ze437–38

Gu Jiegang517

Guliang Commentary513

Guo, Baojun461

guo, cheng and746

Guo Ji533–34

guojia675

guo ren (capital-dwellers)506–7

guoshi (burial chamber)753

Guo state cemetery533–35, 534f

Guo yu (Conversations of the States)366, 368, 379, 381, 383

Hac Sa, Macau91

Han, Rubin603

handicrafts, arts and
in Liangzhu culture134, 134f, 135f
in Neolithic period63–67, 64f, 65f, 66f, 68f, 69–70, 69f

Han dynasty163, 401, 410
Annals in514, 517–18
Eastern382
Mohism and701–2
population registration629
Qin and587
shi 士 in657
TLV mirror716–17, 717f
Western607, 719
Zhao and585

Han Fei588

Han Feizi9, 679, 682–83

Han period286–87

Han River Valley711

Han Yu9, 706

Han 罕 lineage506–7

Hayashi, Minao64

heaven
as dao145
lid-like145
Taiji dualism and141
Taosi City and151–52

Heaven (Tian)9–10, 675–77, 693–96, 700

Heaven Altar structure142f

Heaven and Earth, Dao and679

Heavenly Mandate (tianming)384–85, 386f, 405–6, 438, 500, 523

Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches248, 381

Hebei Province22, 281, 298–99

Heilongjiang province85

Hemudu culture54–56, 57f
bone tools64, 65f, 67
ceramic bowl65, 65f
lapidary rings92
wood structures58, 59f
Xinglongwa jade and86, 86f, 89

Henan Province
Cishan and Peiligang cultural traditions in22
Huixian in751f, 752
Lijiagou site in21
Xinmi in191
Yangshao cultural tradition in31
Yangshao site242
Yanshi site169–70, 203
Zhengzhou Shang City in253

hereditary allotments, in Springs and Autumns period502–3

hereditary aristocracy8, 508–9, 521, 523–24, 658

Heshangling site551–52

Hidenori, Okamura203

Historical Records of Yin161, 374, 383

historiography
Annals and514, 516
Chinese traditional227, 365, 514
Marxist423–24
Springs and Autumns514
tradition, formation of513–20
Western Zho period6

Hongshan cultural tradition37, 41, 45, 84, 88–89, 115
burial practices in36, 36f
jade in36f, 102–5, 103f, 107, 110–12, 111f
jade-working104–5, 110–11, 111f, 245
Liangzhu culture and106–7, 109, 112
Lingjiatan culture and110–11, 111f
pottery in35–36

hou420

Hougudui site558

Hou Ji367–68, 409, 713

Houli cultural tradition23–26

Houma535, 538, 602–3, 630

Hou Mu352f, 354, 359

Hou Mu Xin352f, 354

house structures
Dawenkou34–35
in early Neolithic period24, 26, 28
Hongshan36
Longshan42
Miaodigou33
Qijia39–40, 40f
wood construction, column architecture and58, 60
Xinglongwa75–76
Yangshao31–32
Yangshao Miaodigou30, 30f

Hou Xin352f, 353

Hsü Cho-yun657–58

hu
Chenzhang761f
Chu730, 732f
copper-inlaid, at Heshangling site552
from Early Springs and Autumns period536, 536f
fang hu536, 536f, 542–43
flat758
with inlaid pictorial motifs768, 768f
from Late Springs and Autumns period539f, 542–43
from Middle Springs and Autumns period tombs541–42
pictorial767, 768f
pot759
square459–60, 460f, 464, 542–43
from Zheng tomb729–30, 731f, 732f

Hua Feisui (grand marshal)502

Huainanzi141, 150

Huai of Chu (king)589

Huai River Valley, burial sites and tombs549t, 555–56

Hua lineage502

Huanbei Shang City, of Anyang274–78, 276f, 278f, 279t, 324

Huanbei site228

Huang555

huang jade objects69, 107, 127
rings67, 110

huangquan (Yellow Springs)750

huangzhong483

Huan of Qi (lord)497, 499, 504

Huan of Zhou (king)497

Huan River274–75, 318–19, 339

Huan Tan515

Hua Xia203

Huayuanzhuang site, in Yinxu356

Hubei
Baoshan Tomb 2755f
Guanmiaoshan in58, 60, 60f
Marquis Yi of Zeng tomb in754, 754f

Hu gui459, 459f

Huiguanshan cemetery125

Hui of Liang (king)678

Hui of Wei (marquis)665–66

Huiwen of Qin (king)620

Huixian751f, 752

human nature676–78

Hunan Province
Chengtoushan in61, 61f
Tangjiagang site66, 66f

Hundred Schools of Thought520

hun soul713, 725, 727, 727f, 736–37, 741

huo ding558

hu wine flasks459

hybridity, Taiyi imagery and723–24

Ikeda On627–28

imagination, self and681

imperial period, jian ai in702–5

Imperial Qin616

Industry Quadrant, in Eight Schematic Directions system152

Inner Mongolia, Xinglongwa site in77f, 84

inscriptions6–7,  See also oracle bone inscriptionsWestern Zhou bronze inscriptions
bone, yi in294f
Fu Zi351, 352f, 353
Ge352f, 357–58
Hou Mu352f, 354
Hou Mu Xin352f, 354–55
Hou Xin352f, 353
Lu Fang Gua352f, 358
qiang in369
on relics, from Fu Zi’s tomb351, 352f, 353–60
Ren Zhu352f, 356–57
Ya 亚/亞352f, 356
Ya Qi352f, 355–56
Zi Quan352f, 358–59

Institute of Archaeology (CASS)170, 317

institutionalized shamanism285–86, 302

instrumental reason641–44

intelligence and spying, in warfare650

intermediary realm, in Chu belief718–20, 723, 725, 727–29

inter-state system497

iron. See also cast iron
annealing601
bloomery598–600
in Eastern Zhou period596, 598
industry, in Eastern Zhou period607–9, 608t
production595–96
tools, in residential sites601
weapons597–99, 598f, 601, 606, 638
weapons, in Warring States period tombs603–6, 603f

iron technology
cast-iron595–96, 600–608
development, before fifth century BCE597–602
industry and607–9
major developments and innovations601t
smelting in597
terminologies599t
weaponry in early development of607

iron-working8

jade91,  See also Erlitou culture, yazhang inLiangzhu culture, jade, Neolithic period, jade in, nephrite jade, yazhang
at Baiyinchanghan site83
in burial practices69–70, 70f, 76, 78, 80–81, 83–84, 102, 106–7, 110, 126
in burial practices, ceramics and205, 207f
in burial practices, of Western Zhou446
at Chahai site83–84
cong and bi107, 109, 112, 126–30, 129f, 135–36, 147–48
East Asian Heartland and102, 104
in Hongshan culture36f, 102–5, 103f, 107, 110–12, 111f
huang69, 107, 110, 127
importance of115
Lingjiatan111–12, 111f
qi-ax147–48
in rituals107
Shandong Longshan types113, 113f
tallies631–32
in Taosi culture147–48
theocracy, royal power symbols and127–29, 128f, 129f
in Warring States period760–62, 764f, 765f
in Xinglongwa cultural tradition27, 73–76, 74f, 78, 80–86, 82f, 89, 127
in Xinle cultural tradition28
yue69–70, 112, 115, 126–29, 129f, 135–36

Jade Age4, 115, 720
before Bronze Age101, 243
East Asian Heartland and102
Liangzhu culture in106, 624
in Longshan period112, 243
in Neolithic period67, 69, 69f, 127

jade blades
dao114
gui115
yazhang5, 113, 203, 206, 206f, 208, 208f, 216, 245
yue112, 115
zhang5, 113, 203, 206, 206f, 208, 208f, 210–11, 216, 218