Index

Note: Figures are indicated by an f following the page number.

AAAI. See Association for Advancement of Artificial Intelligence

Aberdeen Group817

Abiko, Motoo620

ableism556

Absolute Boyfriend611, 622

abstraction12, 183, 187
error183, 7
judgment and380–81, 380, 26

A/B testing208, 574

Abu Dhabi Global Market639–40

academic thought
in China615–17
in Japan619
in South Korea610
techlash to171–77, 174f

Accenture225

Access Now145–46

accountability134–35
agency and190–91, 196
ART and217–19, 218f
computer systems and181–96
corporate law and7–8
FAT and87, 166, 166, 10, 739–51
FATE572
FAT/ML145
as governance goal192–96
HIPAA and436
law, ethic of733–35
mechanisms for194–95
migration technology and785–86
as normative fidelity191–92
oversight and185–87
in personalized learning systems801–2
personalized learning systems and801–2
recordkeeping and187–90
as responsibility188–91
review and185–87
security and185, 195
system behavior and183–85
in teaching790, 797–802
transparency and192–96
units of analysis in182–92
verifiability and187–88

accountability, responsibility, and transparency (ART)217–22, 218f

accounting, accountability as187–88

accuracy, in law733

ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union

ACM. See Association for Computing Machinery

acquisitiveness401, 128

Acquisti, Alessandro361

actant233–34, 238, 8

acting68, 46 See also deception

Actor-Network Theory (ANT)233–34

acyclic graphs. See directed acyclic graph

ADA. See algorithms, data, and AI

adaptability, ART and217–19, 218f

adaptive flocking behavior347

adaptive governance center714

adaptivity, flexibility, inclusiveness, reflexivity, responsiveness, and monitoring (AFIRRM)714–17

ADI. See Artificial Design Intelligence

ADM. See algorithmic decision-making

administrators, of law724–27

Adobe
Dreamcatcher581, 587
Scene Stitch577
Sensei AI577

Advanced Technology External Advisory Council175–76

adversarial exemplars112, 355

advertisements431

advertising systems486

advisory board meetings172

AEC. See Architecture, Engineering, and Construction

affect theory395, 104

affordable housing crisis173

affordance240–43, 246

AFIRRM. See adaptivity, flexibility, inclusiveness, reflexivity, responsiveness, and monitoring

African American175, 44, 332
AHPs and810
AI design and264–67
criminal law and734–44, 750–51, 750, 78
CRM and820–21
faculty members174, 174f
names15–16
power imbalance and261–64
predictive policing and257–59
segregation and671
women and562–63

AFST. See Allegheny Family Screening Tool

Agamben, Giorgio326–27

agency30–31
accountability and190–91, 196
causal198, 9
intentional198, 9

agent neutral133

The Age of Spiritual Machines (Kurzweil)560

AGI. See artificial general intelligence

AGR. See automatic gender recognition

AHP. See automated hiring platforms

AI. See artificial intelligence

AI4People225

AIAssess796

Aibo robot dog621

AI HLEG. See High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence

AI in the UK: Ready, Willing and Able?131

AI Now Institute155, 572, 601

AI Now Report 2018648

Airbnb108, 576
guardrails and121
platformization and834

Airbus20

airlines17, 122, 680

Aksamija, Ajla579–80, 583–84

ALARP. See as low as reasonably practicable

alcohol abuse481

Aldus PageMaker576

Alexa, virtual assistant108
AGR and260
auditory cues and63
consent and366
Will Theory and304

Alexander, Christopher584

Alexander, Michelle170

Algeria627, 628f, 631f–32f, 633 See also Middle East and North Africa

algorithm108, 5
accountability and830
anthropology and561–65
architectures of578–87
auditability of660
automation design and578–87
bias in173–74
in design581–84
discrimination in782–83
in fabrication584–87
guardrail pairing120–23
guardrails and116–20
inspection of99–100
in migration technology782–83
for ML6–7, 6, 8
in planning578–80
in project management578–80
segmentation of383

algorithmic decision-making (ADM)78, 99–100
transparency and197–213

algorithmic governance
algorithmic judgment and382–86
human displacement and386–93
human judgment and393–403

algorithmic oppression168

Algorithmic Society600

algorithmic syntax382–83

algorithmic transparency99–100
problematizing of204–12

algorithms, data, and AI (ADA)127

AlgorithmWatch155

Alien film franchise331, 334–35

ALife community347, 347, 9

Alkhatib, Ali177, 261

Allegheny Family Screening Tool (AFST)119

Allen, Colin545–46

All of Us Research Program, U.S.706–7

ALM model. See Autor, Levy, & Murnane model

Alphabet832

AlphaGo354, 693

Altari564

Alterity Politics (Nealon)549, 36

altruism550–51

Alzheimer’s patient319

Amazon.com
Alexa63, 108, 260, 304, 366
Cloud Computing Software640–41
consent and363
in criminal law739
Echo Look572–73
facial recognition technology155
gender bias and255–56
granular measurement and281
hiring model and256–57
inactivity reports and284
Lab126573
NSF collaborative project172, 176–77, 262
private-sector investment in108
Rekognition surveillance262–63, 779–80
shareholders of155, 779
techlash and165
worker displacement and277, 281, 284

Amazon Go363

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)211–12, 779–80

American Institute of Architects580

American Medical Association716

Amnesty International145–46

Amsterdam, Netherlands831

The Analytical Engine526

Anders, Günther36

Ando Lloyd—A.I. Knows Love?622

Android Kannon621

Animal Liberation (Singer)542–43

animals. See also harm
cruelty53, 61–63, 62, 23
harm to467–69
protection laws of61–63, 62, 23

ANT. See Actor-Network Theory

anthropology, of AI
algorithms and561–65
conclusions on568–69
intelligence in559–61
introduction to555–58
personhood and565–68
robots and558–59

anthropomorphism53, 60, 365–66, 430, 608
female objectification and622

Anthropomorphized Tools Paradox608, 613, 617, 623

anti-artificial intelligence686

anticipatory ethics28

antidiscrimination efforts169–71

anti-immigrant176
retrenchment327

anti-universalist sentiment327

anti-vagrancy statute765, 767

AoIR. See Association of Internet Researchers

API. See application programming interfaceApplication Programming Interface

Apple564
Face ID and244, 246, 246, 20, 248
private-sector investment in108
Siri108, 260, 304, 366
smartphones and249–50

application programming interface (API)203, 824, 827, 838

Appriss Retail282

appropriation99

AQ₁₁346

AR. See artificial reality

Arab Convention on Combating Information Technology Offences639

Arabic translation264–66

Arab Knowledge Report647

Arab Spring629–30

Arbitration Fairness Act286

ARCC. See Available, Reliable, Comprehensive, and Controllable

Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC)579

Arendt, Hannah397

Are you Human Too?611

Argic, Serdar59

Ariane 5 rocket failure181–82, 185, 191, 195

Aristotle190, 429
technē and533–36

Arizona, U.S.776–77

Arkin, Ron42

Armenians332

ARPANET45

ART. See accountability, responsibility, and transparency

Art and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory521

Artefact, Inc.575

artifacts7–9, 14–15, 194, 444, 8, 522–27
accountability and183–85
external cognitive308, 310, 318
work of529–32

artificial design intelligence (ADI)575–76

artificial general intelligence (AGI)309, 693, 724
rights and298–99, 304

artificial intelligence (AI)
algorithmic governance and375–401
anthropology and555–69
automation origins of521–36, 522f
codes and standards of125–40
consciousness and296–300, 298, 28
consent and359–73
design and6–9
designed artifact7–9
fairness and177–78
glistening simulacrum of377
governance and18–21
handoff model and233–50
human replacement by11–13
human rights and80–85
human rights-centered design and85–94
ICT and15–18
intelligence and3–5
law and regulation13–15
legal definition and721–24
love and411–16
in MENA625–48, 628f, 631f–32f, 639f
narrative and227–28
overview on3–24
policy framework and651–65
private sector incentives107–23
professional norms and141–58
race and gender in253–68
responsibility and215–30
right-holders and289–306, 294, 18, 298
risk reallocation and278–85
risks of34–39
robots and21–24
sexuality and403–17
trustworthiness and651–65
well-being and294–96, 294, 19
work and271–87, 529–32
worker displacement and273–78

Artificial Intelligence (Russell & Norvig)30

artificial reality (AR) glasses811

artificial superintelligence. See superintelligence

Artificial You (Schneider)316

Ashkenazi Jews254

Asilomar principles, for AI146, 222–23

Asimov, Isaac36, 223, 469
First Law of Robotics428
I, Robot and336
Three Laws of Robotics138, 332, 379, 379, 17, 620

as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) requirement90, 39

Association for Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)145

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
code of conduct and226
code of ethics147–48, 151–54
FAT Conference of166, 10

Association of International Accountants221

Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR)148

Astro Boy620

Atari video games354

Athens, Greece829

ATM. See automated teller machine

attenuated accountability797

audit, of company8, 206

auditable algorithms109

auditory cues63

Australia778
transport and673, 673f

authenticity322

authority, in transport677–79

auto-braking system350

AutoCAD581

Autodesk582, 585

Auto Draw, Google576

automated driving systems. See self-driving vehicles

automated hiring platforms (AHPs)806–7, 821
bias of809–10
criticisms of808–9
current use of808
discrimination and810
information asymmetry and636, 809
privacy concerns and809

automated teller machine (ATM)276

automatic gender recognition (AGR)259–60

automation. See also work
design and571–87
failure in201
origins of521–36, 522f

autonomous decision-making217, 228–30
AHPs and636, 806–10
in migration technology777–81

autonomous power
to deceive137–38
to destroy137–38
to hurt137–38

autonomous vehicle (AV)29, 206 See also transport ethics
crash dilemma43
ethics and428–30
guardrails and119–20

autonomous weapons system
banning of687–90
complacency and701
control and351–52
ethics and425–26
judgment and386–87

autonomy31–32, 137–38
ART and217–19, 218f
control and344–50
control relinquishing350–56
deep learning networks and346, 354–56
introduction to343–44

autonomy-critical aspect346–47

autonomy space348

Autor, David H.276

Autor, Levy, & Murnane model (ALM model)273–75

AV. See autonomous vehicle

Available, Reliable, Comprehensive, and Controllable (ARCC)614

Ayala, Saray406

Azraq refugee camp774

B₂C. See business-to-consumer

Babbage, Charles525–26

BACON 1-6 program527–28

Bahrain628f, 639–40

Baidu613–14

bail determinations724–27

bail predictions143

balanced-odds criterion495

Balanced Scorecard concept153

Bangalore592

Bangladeshi597

Barcelona, Spain831–32, 839

Barcelona declaration222–23

Barocas, Solon362

Barrett, Lisa Feldman406

basic statistics17

Basque Declaration829, 831–32

Bateson, Gregory556

bathroom, gender and291

bathroom breaks284

battlefield robots. See autonomous weapons system

Battlestar Galactica335

Bauhaus580

Bayesian inference346, 349, 722

Bayesian networks496

Bayesian probability389

Bayesian test515

BCI. See brain-computer interfaces

De Beauvoir, Simone561

behavior. See also system behavior
cognitive behavioral therapy65
directing mechanisms346–48
eye-gazing70–71
flocking347
gazing70–71
intelligence and4–5
self-harming119
systems transparency and197, 199, 205–6, 212
unethical205–6

Beijing Academy of AI614

Beijing AI Principles614

Bell, Emily118

The Bell Curve560

Beloussov-Zhabotinsky chemical reaction347

benefit to humanity132, 136

Bengio, Yoshua262

Benjamin, David582–83

Benjamin, Ruha163, 170

Benny, Jack334

Bentham, Jeremy542

Beqiri, Rron578–79

Berger, Theodore310

Bergin, Michael583

Bernstein, Phil580

Bess, Michael307

best practice, in software engineering18–19

betrayal527–29 See also deception

Bharadwaj, Raghav579

bias173–74
of AHPs809–10
codes and standards and135
economic value and484–85
in facial analysis tools257–59
judgment and391–92
race and gender253–68

bicyclists679

bidirectional information access18

big data29, 43
algorithmic tools of494
contextualization of361
discrimination and600–603
in health care703, 706, 714–15
in learning792–93
in migration769–72
quasi-normative principles for147–49
smart cities and823, 837

BIM 360 IQ (Autodesk)585

Binns, Rueben169

Biocentric Individualist300–301

bioethics364–65, 656, 716

bioinformatics45

biological enhancements310–11

biomarkers705, 710

biomedical ethics425

biomedical research703–8

biometrics248
brainwaves and244–47
fingerprints and243–44
in India596–97
iris-scanning774–75
in migration774–75
technologies of387
wearable technology and810–15

bisexuality404

black-box187
algorithms709–10
machine learning and367–68
in migration technology770, 785
opacity and229–30
responsibility and229–30
transparency200, 204, 212

The Black Box Society (Pasquale)362

Black Mirror266

Blackstone, William (Commentaries on the Laws of England)757

Blackstone Group173

Blade Runner335–38

Bletchley Park562

Bluetooth technology812

BMVI. See German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure

Boden, Margaret346–48, 347, 9, 524, 532

Boeing 737 Max airplane378, 13, 677

Bong Soon-a Cyborg in Love611

Booker, Cory258

Boolean logic382–83

Boolean searches386

border enforcement769, 776–77, 782

Borg Mom611

Bostrom, Nick6, 5, 36, 311–12, 488, 490, 560

bots. See chat-botrobots

Bots at the Gate Report768

Botto Bistro115

brain
based materialism313–14
biometrics and244–47
brainwave ID244–47
Google project on362
hacking of476, 486
implants and307, 310
technological singularity and310, 314, 322–23

brain chips310, 322 See also technological singularity

brain-computer interfaces (BCI)35
Neuralink and35, 307–8

branding107, 109

Brandt Commission592

Braverman, Harry805

Brazil599

Breton, André535

Bria, Francesca830

Bridle, James117

British colonialism254, 593, 595, 602

British National Health Service45–46

broadband, in MENA634

Brock, Andre165

Brown, Eric172

Buddha314

Buddhism615–16, 621

budget planning4

Building Information Research Knowledge Base579, 29

Building System Planning583

Buolamwini, Joy256–59, 262

Burawoy, Michael805–6

Bush Pump, Zimbabwe449–51, 455

business-to-consumer (B₂C)660

Butler, Chris574

Butler, Samuel72

Byun, Sunyoung609

CAAI. See Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence

Calarco, Matthew551

calibration by group495, 500, 502–3, 512–13

Calo, Ryan121

Cambridge Analytica397, 433, 654
Facebook data and78, 163–64, 818

Campaign to Stop Killer Robots685, 693

Canada769, 775, 776, 37, 777, 786
governance and222
transport and673, 673f

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms678

Canadian Directive on Automated Decision-Making100, 70

Can Digital Computers Think? (Turing)525

Capek, Karel72, 333, 557–58

capital investments175

capitalism169–71

CAPMAS. See Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics

carebots439
Paro68

Careem ride-sharing company647

caregivers439

Carpo, Mario585

Carr, Nicolas319, 319, 34

Cartesian ego318

Cartwright, Nancy45

CAS. See Chinese Academy of Science

CASA. See computer as social actor

case-based comparison204–5

Castells, Manuel589, 604

casual considerations, statistical models and515–18, 516f–17f

causal agency198, 9

causality185, 188–89
statistical models and496, 499–500, 499f, 516

causal knowledge45–47

Cave, Stephen560–61

CCTV cameras282

CDE. See Controlled Direct Effect

CDS. See computational data science

cell phones. See mobile phones

The Center for Mind Design311, 313–15

Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS)637

Centre for Data Ethics, U.K.663

cephalopods55

Certain Measures580, 582, 585

certification221, 226

certified safety auditors206

CFAA. See Computer Fraud and Abuse

Chalmers, David33, 319

Changsha University of Science and Technology614

Charters of Rights82

chat-bot58–60
Sally642
XiaoIce616

chemical agents333

Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993689

chemotherapy709

Chen, Le821

childbirth15, 39

children, caregivers for439

China
academic thought and615–17
facial recognition technology of599
Google and154–55
New Generation AI Development Plan612–13
polices and612–14
popular culture in557, 615–17
reputation score34
robots and616–17
social credit score458
Uighur population in38

China Room, thought experiment329–30, 329, 8, 545

Chinese Academy of Science (CAS)614, 615

Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence (CAAI)613

Chobits622

Chomsky, Noam685

Chuang, John244

Churchland, Paul544–45

Cisco Systems826
smart cities and831

Cities for Digital Rights group830

citizenship, for robots35

city planning commissions385

Civil Law Rules, for Robotics651

civil liberties771, 774, 779–81

claim-right290, 6, 291, 291, 11, 304, 305, 46

Clark, Andy319

ClashMEP (Building System Planning)583

class-labor surveillance167

Clickbait headlines118

cloning11

Cloud Computing Software640–41

Cluster atmospheric research satellites181

Coast Guard Agency776

code of conduct226 See also professional norms
for data-driven healthcare716
in ethics129–31

code of ethics129 See also professional norms
ACM and147–48, 151–54
for artificial intelligence610–11, 615

codes and standards
advantages of128–29
conclusions on138–40
dangers of129–31
introduction to125–26
value concepts of131–38
varieties of126–28

code violation153, 833

codified pedagogy800–801

Coeckelbergh, Mark541, 547–48

cognitive ability28, 56, 339 See also technological singularity

cognitive behavioral therapy65

cognitive enhancements310–11

Cognitive Prints, IBM573

cognitive science, human-centered approach463–73

Cohen, Richard549

Cold War592–93

collective medical mind710

colonialism254, 593, 595, 602

Colorado Pretrial Assessment Tool748

Colton, Simon523, 530, 532

Columbia Journalism School118

Columbus, U.S.831

The Coming Technological Singularity (Vinge)36

Committee on Digital Economy Policy145–46

common good132–33

communication
HPCC Act44–45
ICT5, 630
in intelligence9–11

COMPAS software99, 494–95

compensation286, 438f
claims of814
undercompensation175–76
wearable technology and814–15
work and280–81

competition rules122

competitive concerns210

complacency, in weapons systems701

compliance. See accountability

component handoff model234–40, 238, 8

Computational Creativity Group523

computational data science (CDS)28–29
predictive science and44–48

computational models9–11 See also statistical models
transparency and203

computational therapist. See virtual therapist

computer as social actor (CASA)548

Computer Fraud and Abuse (CFAA)211–12

computerized lottery193

computer systems3
accountability and181–96
intelligence and4–5
as mathematics11, 21–22
sentience and55

Computing Machinery and Intelligence (Turing)56–57

conceptual act theory, of sexual orientation406

conditional independence498, 515–16

Conference on Artificial Intelligence145

confidence values203

confidentiality194

confinement, social13–14, 751

confounder497–99, 497f, 499f, 517

confounding189

Congress, U.S.332, 681

Conitzer, Vincent426

consciousness
AI and296–300, 298, 28
biological enhancements and308, 311, 315–16
intelligence and33
philosophy and543
sentience and55–56, 61–63, 71–73, 72, 58

consent
background conditions and365–66
conclusion on373
fairness and369–70
interpersonal model of371–72
introduction to359–64
knowledge and365, 367–68
in migration technology774–75
moral core of364–70
political philosophy and372–73
power dynamics and370–72
scope and365–67
voluntariness365, 368–69

consequentialism133, 422

conservative ideologies168

constant capital567–68

Constitution, U.S.246, 246, 24, 247, 25, 398–400
Due Process398
First Amendment398
Fifth Amendment246, 246, 24, 247, 25
Sixth Amendment398
Fourteenth Amendment565

constitutional law. See Constitution, U.S.

construction sites585–86

contextual norms196

control
autonomy and344–50
handoff analysis and245
relinquishing350–56

Controlled Direct Effect (CDE)517

control problem309

conventional enhancements311

Conversational AI138

cooperation16–17, 423–24

cooperative consent364–65

cooperative inverse reinforcement learning426

copyright186, 203

corporate codes
accountability in7–8
norms of150–53
techlash and171, 175–77

Correa, Charles589–91

corrective justice171

correctness, mathematical standard of184

The Cost of Color (Monk)258

costs111, 438
of individual liberty210
of transmission9–11

Council of Europe93–94

counterfactual fairness criterion517–18

counterfactual reasoning189–91, 190, 26

counterfactual thinking429

courtroom practices738, 743, 746, 753

Cranor, Lorrie360

Crawford, Kate563

creationism253–54

Creative Adversarial Networks521, 530

creativity, in AI origins521–36

credit card fraud722

credit card providers680

credit-rating agencies206

credit risk prediction184

credit scores211, 725, 764
consent and368–69
fairness and369–70
law and728
transparency and197, 206, 211

creditworthiness493

Crenshaw, Kimberlé258–59

crime hot spots388, 391–92

crimes against humanity326

crime statistics737–38, 743–46, 750

criminal history725, 807

criminalization776–77

criminal justice system493–94
data and826, 838
facial recognition in741, 751–52
PSA in747, 747, 56, 747, 58
sentencing and724–27
software for99

criminal law
African Americans and734–44, 750–51, 750, 78
best practices and744–45
decision-making in737–40, 752
facial recognition and741, 751–52
false negatives in741, 743–44
false positives in743–44, 747, 58, 750, 78
FAT algorithms in739–51
pretrial detention740, 747–49
reform and737–39
violent crime741, 22, 747, 58, 749

criminal risk assessment197, 210, 725, 727, 731

criminal sentencing724–27

Crisis Risk Dashboard772, 8

critical internet studies167

critical technocultural discourse analysis (CTDA)165

CRM. See customer relationship management

crumple zones, in vehicles445, 9

cryptographers268

cryptography194

Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály527–28, 534–35

CTDA. See critical technocultural discourse analysis

culpably ignorant207

Culture, evolving of10

customer relationship management (CRM)815
criticisms of817–20
current use of816–17
future of820–21

cyberassets18

cyberattack676

Cyber Civilization Research Center620

cybersecurity18–19, 23, 829, 838
design and97
threats283, 57

cyborg260, 338, 567

Cyborg Manifesto (Haraway)556, 566–67

Cyborg She622

Cylons338

DACA. See Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

DAG. See directed acyclic graph

Dallas, U.S.831

DALTON527

Daniels, Jessie169–71

Dartmouth College550

Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence32–33

Darwin, Charles253–54, 489

data
asymmetry636, 809
blur637
colonization594
dominance836–38
in migration technology771–74, 781
modeling in SE95–96
myopia637
privacy590
rights135–36
scholarship in28
stewardship of216
transparency and202–3

data commons830

data-driven sorting system. See algorithm

data-driven urbanism824

data protection laws186
consent and359–62, 370–73

Dataset Nutrition Label202

DataSheets for Datasets202

da Vinci, Leonardo534–36

d-connection498

Deadly Dilemma428–29, 440

deaths, of despair481

Deaton, Angus638

deception. See also transparency
autonomous power137–38
creation of67–70, 68, 46

decision-making122
ADM and78, 197–213
AHPs and636, 806–10
autonomous217, 228–30
Canadian Directive on100, 70
in criminal law737–40, 752
humanitarianism in771–74
law and727–30
in migration770–71
migration technology and777–83
transparency and197–213

deep fakes112, 122, 577
software of34

deep-learning algorithms
autonomy and346, 354–56
cardiovascular risk and710
incentives and108, 112, 123

DeepMind354–55, 685, 707

DeepMood tool710–11

deep neural networks707

deep value pluralism385

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)264

deference390, 390, 75

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program779

deflationary view465–67

DeGraffenreid, Emma259

dehumanization. See also technological singularity
in Europe58

Delaware v. Prouse762–63, 763, 33

demand-driven disclosures200, 210–11

dementia63, 68, 710

democratic governance. See also governance
domination836–38
platformization834–36
privatization831–34

demographic parity495–96, 500–502

Dennett, Daniel30, 345, 539, 544–45, 552

Denning, Peter44

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)45, 47
recombination and27
replication of6–7

Department of Defense, U.S.64

Department of Education, U.S.791–92

Department of Homeland Security, U.S.773, 775, 780

Department of Labor, U.S.275

depression65, 705

DepthmapX (Space Syntax)583

descendent497–98, 506, 508, 510, 517

The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (Darwin)254

design automation
algorithms and578–87
fashion design and572–78
of graphic design572–78
introduction571–72
ML and6–7, 6, 8
product design and572–78
race and gender in264–67

designed artifact7–9

destroy. See also autonomous weapons system
autonomous power137–38

determinism391–92

DHT. See digital health technology

Dick, Philip K.39, 335

digisexuality339, 404–5, 407

digital artifacts. See artifacts

digital bioethics716

digital clones12

digital commerce platforms680

digital consent365–68, 371, 373 See also consent

digital divide836

digital health technology (DHT)703, 712–13, 716

digital redlining167–68, 818–19

digital revolution3–4

DiPaola, Steve523

directed acyclic graph (DAG)496–99, 510–12, 510f–11f See also statistical models

directed duty291–92, 292, 13, 304

directionality, of rights291, 293

disciplinary power392

discrimination168–69
in AHPs810
in algorithms173–74, 782–83
antidiscrimination efforts169–71
big data and600–603
CRM and819–20
economic value and484–85
freedom from782–83
in Global South599–603
in migration technology782–83
National Transgender Discrimination Survey259–60
police practices738, 742–43
substrate non-discrimination299
wearable technology and814

discrimination rule43

disease diagnosis143

disengagement concern, in sexuality409

dishonesty. See also trust
in CRM819

displacement, of work271–87

dispute resolution386

distribution license203

diversity226–27 See also race and gender
responsibility and221

dividual, cyborg and567

DMZ. See Korean Demilitarized Zone

DNA. See deoxyribonucleic acid

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (Dick)335

DOCTOR script58

Document Collection388

dogs, robot53–54
Aibo621

Domain Awareness System833

domain-crossing skills523, 7

doppelgänger340

Doraemon620

Doteveryone224

Dreamcatcher, Adobe581, 587

Drive.ai120

driverless cars34

The Drones Papers38

drone technology program175–76

drug abuse481

dualist theories313

Dubai International Financial Centre639–40

due diligence93, 690
proof of8

Duplex voice assistant575

Durham police force100, 100, 69

Dutton, Tim224

duty188–91

Dwell magazine582

dystopian nightmares137, 693

dystopian views221–22

EAD. See Ethically Aligned Design

Earp, Brian408

EASA. See European Aviation Safety Agency

East Asia, AI and
China and612–17
discussion on622–23
introduction to607–8
Japan and617–22
South Korea608–12

eBay115

Echo Look572–73

ECHR. See European Convention on Human Rights

EcoDesigner STAR578

economic forecasts27

Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Program (ERSAP)630

economic value
biases and484–85
discrimination and484–85
ethics and476–80
fairness and484–85
human autonomy486–87
inequality and480–84
introduction to475–76
novel externalities and484–87
superintelligence and487–91

ECPAIS. See Ethics Certification Program for Autonomous and Intelligent Systems

Ecuador599

Edmund Pettus Bridge (Selma, U.S.)401

education439 See also teaching
FERPA435–36
governance798–800, 803
NSF and171–72
race and gender267–68
rights136–37
women and267–68

Edwards, Lilian828–29

EEG. See electroencephalogram

egalitarianism169 See also fairness

EGE. See European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies

Egypt401 See also Middle East and North Africa
Uber in640

EHR. See electronic health records

Einstein, Albert535

elasticity, of algorithms111–13

elder-care robot469–70

electroencephalogram (EEG)244

electronic health records (EHR)705–6

elimination, of occupations276 See also worker displacement

ELIZA program57–58, 64, 70

Ellerbe & Associates580

Ellison, Harlan72

email236–37

Emergency Integrated Lifesaving Lanyard (EMILY)780

emergent self-organization346–47, 347, 9

EMILY. See Emergency Integrated Lifesaving Lanyard

emotion72, 58

emotional support404–6 See also sexuality

The Empathic Computer (Holden)64

empathy13, 54, 56, 58, 64–66

employee lawsuits815

employee safety814–15

employment history725

encryption. See also handoff analysis
end-to-end236
on smartphones249–50

end-to-end encryption236

end user license agreement (EULA)433

enforced self-regulation90, 38

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)223

engineering bottlenecks274–75

Engineering Ethics textbook614

Engines of Anxiety (Espeland & Sauder)110–11

enhancement. See technological singularity

Enlightenment31, 169, 558, 565–67

Ensmenger, Nathan256

enthusiastic consent364

EOD. See explosive ordinance disposal

ephemera432

epistemology198
in ethics43–48

EPSRC. See Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council

equality rights782–83

equalized odds495–97, 500–502, 511–13

equity170, 191, 630 See also human rights-centered design
criminal law and743, 745
platformization and825, 835–36

Erewhon (Butler)72

Erie Canal423–24

error analysis203

ERSAP. See Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Program

Espeland, Wendy110–11

essentially contested186–87

Ethical AI687

ethical governor42–43

Ethical Guidelines for Trustworthy AI85, 26

Ethically Aligned Design (EAD)147–48, 151, 222–24

Ethical OS toolkit149

ethical theory133
modeling of40–41
standards of127

ethical weapons696, 699

ethics, in AI
AV example of428–30
in biomedical research703–8
boards109
codes and standards of125–40
conceptual ambiguities in29–33
design and264–67
in East Asia607–23
economics and475–91
epistemology in43–48
fairness and436–41, 438f
fair notice and755–68, 761, 25–26
function of422–26
handoff analysis and233–51
human-centered approach to463–73
implementation of39–43
individual user models430–36
in law719–36
oppositional approaches to48–49
origins and169–71
in patient care703, 708–11
philosophy and539–52
predictive science and43–48
private-sector incentives and107–10
in public health703, 711–18
responsibility and217–30, 218f
risks and34–39
robots and22–23
in smart cities828–30
social failures and443–60
systemic approaches to48–49
in transports669–82, 673f
trust and427–40, 438f

Ethics Certification Program for Autonomous and Intelligent Systems (ECPAIS)225

Ethics Guideline for Intelligent Information Society609

Ethics Guidelines, EU654–61

ethics washing152

Ethiopia599 See also Middle East and North Africa

ethnicity22 See also race and gender
AHPs and810

EU. See European Union

EULA. See end user license agreement

Euro-American contexts557, 567

European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)96

European Border and Coast Guard Agency776

European Commission148, 562, 651–54, 656, 662–65

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)82, 96, 54

European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies (EGE)656, 656, 14

European Parliament651–53, 657, 663

European Space Agency181, 191

European Strategy for Better and Safer AI for Children664

European Union (EU)7, 128
AI HLEG48, 109, 145–46, 653–64
Algo-Aware project85, 25
borders in769, 776
cloning in11
Data Protection Directive360
data regulations within135–36
Ethical Guidelines for Trustworthy AI85, 26
Ethics Guidelines of654–61
GDPR156, 211, 373, 410, 652–53, 659
General Data Protection Regulation436
internet studies centers167
legal order of81
OECD and222–24
personal sovereignty and18
sex-tracking apps410
trustworthy AI and651–65

Evans, Dylan412, 415

evidence93–94

evolution, theory of422

existential risk, superintelligence and489–91

exogenous random noise512, 514

exoskeletons810–12, 815 See also technological singularity

explainability134–35

explainable AI (XAI)87

explicit ethical agents469

explosive ordinance disposal (EOD) robots548

external cognitive artifacts308, 310, 318

External Ethics Review Board154

externalities
discrepancies and476–82
superintelligence and489–91

Extreme Vetting Initiative773

eyes54, 70–71
Health SystemEye645–46
iris-scanning of774–75

FAA. See Federal Aviation Administration

Facebook128, 556–57
advertising platform of235
Cambridge Analytica and163–64, 433, 818
consent and363
ethics and430–33
hate speech and595–96
language and265
Myanmar and595–96
News Feed108, 118–19
private-sector investment in108
public commitments of84, 23
Sally chatbot642
techlash and165
Translate264–65
user data of78, 163–64

Face ID244, 246, 246, 20, 248

facial characteristics707

facial recognition10, 149
in AHPs810
Amazon and155
ban of178, 57
consent and366
criminal law and741, 751–52
fairness and369–70
guardrails and119
in migration technology772–73, 778–80
race and gender257–59
sexual orientation and35
smart cities and823, 836
in Zimbabwe599

factory farming13

fail safe management700

failure modes448–56 See also social failure modes

Fair Credit Reporting Act284

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)280, 286–87

fairness. See also human rights-centered design
Arbitration Fairness Act286
consent and369–70
counterfactual fairness criterion517–18
credit scores and369–70
criteria for500–511, 504f–10f
criteria models of500–511, 504f–10f
economic value and484–85
ethics and436–41, 438f
ethics origins and169–71
natural justice784–85
oblivious fairness criteria495–96, 518
principles of133–35
sentencing and369–70
state of AI and177–78
statistical modeling of493–519, 497f–99f, 504f–12f, 516f–17f
techlash and163–68, 164f, 171–77, 174f
voice recognition and369–70

fairness, accountability, and transparency (FAT)87, 166 See also accountability
ACM and166, 10
algorithm limits of745–51
algorithms and739–45

fairness, accountability, and transparency in machine learning (FAT/ML)145

fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics (FATE)572

Fairness Through Unawareness494, 504

fair notice
conclusions on766–68
heuristical understanding and756–57, 763–68
input-output functionality762–66
inputs in757–59
introduction to755–57
output in759–62, 761, 25–26
tripartite model of757–63, 761, 25–26
U.S. Supreme Court and758–62, 761, 25–26

fair process, in migration784–85

fair trade107–8

false negatives203, 384, 396
in criminal law741, 743–44
racial groups and494–95

false positives203, 246, 20, 384, 396
control and350
in criminal law743–44, 747, 58, 750, 78
racial groups and494–95

false universalism126

family, anthropology and557

fashion12

fashion design572–78

fast food jobs478

FAT. See fairness, accountability, and transparency

FATE. See fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics

FAT/ML. See fairness, accountability, and transparency in machine learning

fault184, 188–90

fauxtomation116

Fayerman, Michael816

FDA. See Food and Drug Administration

fear14, 331–36

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)96

Federal Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)435–36

female objectification622 See also sexuality

feminism170, 267–68

FERPA. See Federal Educational Rights and Privacy Act

fiber optic systems634

fiduciary436

Fifth Amendment, of U.S. Constitution246, 246, 24, 247, 25

50 Years of Unfairness (Hutchinson & Mitchell)255

films4
Alien331, 334–35
Battlestar Galactica335
Blade Runner335–36, 338
in China612–14
Cyborg Manifesto566–67
Her339
I, Robot336
in Japan620–22
in South Korea611–12
Terminator331, 338, 341
2001: A Space Odyssey677
When Species Meet566–67

Final Jeopardy!271

financial incentives107–9

The Financial Times164f, 164, 3, 165

fingerprint ID244–47

fingerprints245–49, 248, 32

First Amendment, of U.S. Constitution398

flocking behavior347

Florida, U.S.799

Floridi, Luciano221–22, 541, 655

FLSA. See Fair Labor Standards Act

Foerst, Anne543–44, 547

FOI. See freedom of information

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S.317, 435–36
public health and708–9, 716–17

food safety201

forced transparency200, 210–12

Fordism278

forensic analysis8–9, 9, 13

formalism129

Forrester survey816–17

Forsythe, Diana E.556, 562

Fortress Europe776

Foucault, Michel392, 397

Foundation for Responsible Robotics223

Fourteenth Amendment, of U.S. Constitution565

fractal geometry535–36

fragility, of algorithms111–13

France
governance and222
trustworthiness and663

Frank, Lily412, 416

Frankenstein (Shelley)333

fraud722
CFAA211–12
detection and prediction282–84

Free Basics program595–96

Freedom. See also constitutional law
of assembly82
from discrimination782–83
of expression82–83
of opinion16–17, 21
of religion82
of thought16–17

Freedom House596

freedom of information (FOI)
in MENA638–40, 639f
regulations of210–11

Freedom of Press report596

Freud, Sigmund340, 12

Frey, Carl274–77

Friedman, Milton437

FRONTEX. See European Border and Coast Guard Agency

Frow, Pennie816

Fujimoto, Hiroshi620

Funding Matters175, 45

Funny Robot Talk616

futurists28, 50, 272, 576

GAAI. See generalized autonomous AI

Gabora, Liane523

game theory437
transparency and205–7

GAN. See generative adversarial network

Gandhi401

Garcia Martinez, Antonio118

Gardner, Howard532, 534

Gartner report813

Gatebox AI (Vinclu Inc.)622

Gaussian linear model506–7

Gauthier, David328

gazing behavior70–71

GDPR. See General Data Protection Regulation

Gebru, Timnit258–59, 262

Geminoids35

gender22, 167 See also race and gender

The Gender of the Gift (Strathern)566

Gender Recognition or Gender Reductionism259

gender segmentation, in MENA633

Gender Shades (Buolamwini & Gebru)258

gender studies168

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)156, 211, 373, 410, 436, 652–53, 653, 6, 659

general intelligence
AGI and298–99, 304, 309, 693, 724
superintelligence and488

generalized autonomous AI (GAAI)
sentience and329–32, 335–39

General Motors (GM)259

general purpose technology (GPT)625–26

generative adversarial network (GAN)112, 260, 521, 573, 654

genetics27

genomic data47

geography-based governance18

Georgia Tech University265

Gerdes, Anne548

German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI)695–96

Germany208–9, 211
trustworthiness and663

Ge-stell340–41

Gibson, J. J.239

Gillespie, Tarleton116

Gini coefficient631

Girling, Rob574–75

GLAUBER527

Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, of 2018773

Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems127–28, 147–48

Global North598, 601, 644, 772

Global Positioning System (GPS)556–57, 811–12

Global South
AI impact on591–92
biometrics in India596–97
developing countries and592–95
discrimination in599–603
facial recognition technology in599
international human rights and603–5
introduction589–91
Myanmar and595–96
refugee data collection598

GM. See General Motors

Go board game361

Goffman, Erving68, 46

Goldman Sachs282, 387

Good, Irvin John36

Goodhart’s Law114, 193–94

Google85, 128
ADM and209
AlphaGo354
Assistant362
Auto Draw576
Brain project362
China and154–55
consent and363
corporate codes150–51
DeepMind354–55, 685, 707
domination and837
Duplex voice assistant575
ethics advisory council172, 175–76
ethics and430–33, 435–36
Flu Trend algorithms711–12
Glass444–45, 452, 452, 21, 455
internal review structure152–53
language and265
Maps591
Material Design575
Nest363, 433
PageRank295
photo app563
private-sector investment in108
search108
techlash and165
walkout and176

Gore, Al44–45

Gottman Institute411

governance
accountability and192–96
in education798–800, 803
fair notice and755–68, 761, 25–26
responsibility and222–27

governance effects151–56

governance toolbox141

governments
law and727–30
transparency and210–11

GPA. See grade point average

GPS. See Global Positioning System

GPT. See general purpose technology

grade point average (GPA)494

granular measurement281

graphical models
DAG496–99, 510–12, 510f–11f
PDAG511f–531f, 497–510, 504f–10f, 516–19

graphic design572–78

Great Firewall of China19–20

Greece778

Greenfield, Adam825–26

Grimmelmann, James364

Gropius, Walter580

Gross, Oskar531

Grossklags, Jens361

group-level identity18

Group of 20594

Groups and Genes (Pinker)254

guardrails
algorithms and116–20
temptation and120–23

guided-bomb strike686

Güzeldere, Güven543

Ha’aretz264

Habermas, Jürgen49

hacking118
of human brain476, 486
of wearable technology814, 829

Hagendorff, Thilo84–85

HAI. See Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence

HAIP. See Harmonious Artificial Intelligence Principles

Hall, J. Storrs540

handoff analysis
access control and241–45
affordance and240–43, 246
boundaries of248–50
catalyst of235–37
Face ID244, 246, 246, 20, 248
passthoughts and242, 244–45
passwords and243–44
privacy and security247–48
responsibility246–47
sociotechnical systems and237–41, 238, 8