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Population History Population History
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Ainu History and Ethnogenesis Ainu History and Ethnogenesis
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Subsistence Subsistence
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The Ainu and Hunter-Gatherer Definitions The Ainu and Hunter-Gatherer Definitions
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Ainu Subsistence and Economy Ainu Subsistence and Economy
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Trade Trade
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Settlement and Social Organization Settlement and Social Organization
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Settlement Patterns Settlement Patterns
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Social Organization and Social Complexity Social Organization and Social Complexity
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Regional Variations Regional Variations
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Ritual and World View Ritual and World View
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Conclusions Conclusions
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References References
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50 The Ethnohistory and Anthropology of ‘Modern’ Hunter-Gatherers: North Japan (Ainu)
Get accessMark J. Hudson is Director of the Center for Sustainable Environments and Culture and Professor of Anthropology at Nishikyushu University (University of West Kyushu).
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Published:01 October 2013
Cite
Abstract
The Ainu are an indigenous people who historically lived in Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands, combining hunter-gathering with trade and plant cultivation. In the late nineteenth century, Ainu lands were colonized by Japan and Russia and most traditional subsistence practices were brought to an end by the colonial authorities. This occurred before anthropologists had the opportunity to study Ainu hunter-gathering at first hand and research on Ainu subsistence has relied heavily on archaeological and historical records, in addition to interviews of elders who still remembered foraging practices. When the Soviet Union invaded Sakhalin in 1945, most Ainu fled to Hokkaido and almost all Ainu now live in Japan. Despite real legacies of colonialism and continuing discrimination in many areas, Ainu culture and identity are regaining a new vibrancy in Hokkaido and in the urban diaspora in Tokyo.
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