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Book cover for The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers
Vicki Cummings (ed.) et al.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199551224.001.0001
Published online:
01 July 2014
Published in print:
01 April 2014
Online ISBN:
9780191750083
Print ISBN:
9780199551224

Contents

Book cover for The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers
Front Matter

List of Figures

https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199551224.002.0007
Pages
xv–xxii
  • Published:
    April 2014
Subject
Archaeology
Series
Oxford Handbooks
Collection: Oxford Handbooks Online
6.1

Yellen’s (1977) ring model for Ju/’hoãnsi base camps combined with hut-based ‘drop’ and ‘toss’ zones  114

6.2

Schematic representations of an archetypal ‘forager’ settlement- subsistence system in (a) temporal and (b) synchronic perspective  117

6.3

Schematic representations of an archetypal ‘collector’ settlement- subsistence system in (a) temporal and (b) synchronic perspective  118

9.1

Top: Neanderthal craniofacial features (left) compared with a typical Modern Human. Bottom: Distinctive features of the Neanderthals’ postcranial skeleton  194

9.2

Stone tools of the Neanderthal-associated Middle Palaeolithic. Left: sidescraper. Right: Levallois point with bitumen-covered base  197

9.3

Stone tools of the Neanderthal-associated early Upper Palaeolithic of Europe. Top left: Altmühlian foliate point (Blattspitze). Top right: two Châtelperron points. Bottom: Uluzzian backed microliths  198

9.4

Pierced and grooved pendants from the Châtelperronian levels of the Grotte du Renne (France): a–d. fox canines; e–f. reindeer phalanges; g–j. bovid incisors; k. red deer canine; l. fossil belemnite  202

10.1

Regions of the human skull and osteological terms used in the text to compare modern human anatomy to ancestral forms  218

10.2

Schematic of timeline for the major factors involved in MHO from behavioural (archaeology), morphological (fossils), and genetic evidence  234

11.1

Map of the region with a few of the major sites mentioned in the text  255

11.2

Winter and summer locations of hunter-gatherers in the Zagros and the Caucasus foothills. The model is based on Terminal Pleistocene occupations in western Georgia  268

11.3

Terminal Pleistocene Epi-Palaeolithic Early Natufian settlement pattern along a transect from the Mediterranean Sea to Lisan Lake in the Jordan Valley  268

13.1

A stone bracelet, a ring, bone bead-like elements, and needles from layer 11 of Denisova cave  313

13.2

 Western and eastern Siberia: 1 – stone tools and wedge-shaped microcore from Ust’-Belaya site; 2 – composite tool from Chernoozerie-II site; 3 – Final Palaeolithic hunter in winter clothing with dart and atlatl, reconstruction; 4 – bone and antler grooved tools from Maininskaya site; 5 – clay figurine from Maininskaya site; 6 – pebble core from Kokorevo-I site  322

13.3

TransBaikal region and Yakutia: 1 – microblade cores and transversal burins, Ust’-Menza site; 2 – artefacts from Dyuktai cave; 3 – remains of light dwelling construction at Studenoe site; 4 – remains of ‘polynary structure’ at Ust’-Menza-3 site; 5 –Final Palaeolithic hunter in winter clothing, reconstruction; 6 – remains of dwelling at Ust-Timpton site  323

13.4

Russian Far East: 1 – stone knives from Suvorovo-III site; 2 – stone images of salmon fish from the Far-eastern Palaeolithic sites; 3–4 – microritual complexes with stones and bifacial point; 5 – Final Palaeolithic salmon-fisher, reconstruction; 6 – dwelling with the burial of a dog at Ushki-I site, level VI; 7 – double burial in dwelling at Ushki-I site, level VI  324

14.1

Indian subcontinent showing key localities mentioned in the text  329

14.2

Dispersal routes into the Indian subcontinent based on least cost analysis  331

14.3

Stone tool technology, Jwalapuram, Jurreru River Valley, India. (a) Middle Palaeolithic; (b) Microlithic  333

14.4

Map of Holocene archaeological sites in the Central Ganges plains  338

14.5

South Asian monsoon strength, human fossils, and key archaeological sites and industries  339

15.1

Map showing location of archaeological sites mentioned in the text  347

15.2

Niah cave entrance  351

15.3

Lene Hara cave, East Timor  355

15.4

Single piece Trochus shellfish hook from Lene Hara dated to the terminal Pleistocene  356

15.5

Graphs of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates and other chronometric dates between 10,000 and 40,000 years bp from South-East Asian cultural contexts  359

16.1

Temperature differences from modern over the last 140 thousand years  370

16.2

Geographic features of the Australian region referred to in the chapter  371

16.3

Distribution of vegetation zones at OIS 2 from Hope et al. (2004)  372

16.4

Chronological distribution for the arid zone of new sites and sites previously occupied by biogeographic region using the time intervals defined for this chapter  381

16.5

 Chronological distribution for Queensland of new sites and sites previously occupied by geographic region using the time intervals defined for this chapter  382

16.6

Thylacine painting at Yeddonba, Mount Pilot, near Beechworth, Victoria  386

17.1

The Americas with selected early hunter-gatherer sites  407

17.2

Paisley cave V  409

17.3

Excavation of the Quebrada Santa Julia site in Chile  410

17.4

View of the entrance of the site Caverna da Pedra Pintada  410

17.5

Examples of early American projectile points  413

17.6

The Hell Gap site, Wyoming, under excavation in the 1960s  415

18.1

Oxygen isotope levels from ice cores (y-axis) reflect temperature changes from the late glacial into the post-glacial period  439

19.1

Selected Neolithic sites in Western Asia  460

19.2

Selected Mesolithic sites in the Mediterranean  464

19.3

Selected Neolithic sites in the Mediterranean  467

21.1

Locations of archaeological sites mentioned in the text  493

22.1

Map of sites in Japan and South Korea mentioned in the text, and regions of Japan  511

23.1

Lepenski Vir. Bases of elaborate trapezoidal houses and details of stone sculptures located inside  524

23.2

Example of a Mesolithic microregion: the Bohemian Switzerland National Park, showing the position of the Mesolithic rock shelters  526

23.3

Bezděz rock shelter, North Bohemia  527

23.4

Okrouhlík rock shelter on the confluence of the Kamenice and Bělá rivers  531

23.5

Fish cave, North Bohemia  532

24.1

Location of key regions discussed in the text  538

24.2

Changing sea levels since the late glacial had a profound influence on the north European landscape  539

25.1

The 20-year interval measure of climatic variance derived δO18 temperature proxy record of the GISP2 ice-core and its long-term trend  557

25.2

The mobility required to maintain viable bio-social networks amongst foragers (mating distance) has been investigated in ethnographic field studies, and, using different estimates of late glacial population densities, can be extrapolated for the late glacial  563

27.1

Geometric inserts for composite tools: (a) Klissoura cave, Greece, c.40,000 bp; (b) Sibudu cave, S. Africa, c.70,000 bp  610

27.2

Bifacial Acheulian hand axe (Göllü Dağ, Turkey)  612

27.3

 Acheulian cleaver flake from prepared core (Kaletepe Dersi 3, Turkey)  613

27.4

Modern experimental Levallois core and flake  614

28.1

Engraved ochre from Blombos cave, South Africa  627

28.2

Aurignacian figurines from southern Germany  629

28.3

Magdalenian image from Niaux, France  629

28.4

Painted ‘signs’  630

28.5

Magdalenian cave painting at Niaux, France  631

29.1

The presence/absence distribution of native copper on the Northwest Plateau of North America  647

29.2

The presence/absence distribution of tubular stone pipes on the Northwest Plateau of North America  648

29.3

The graph at the top displays Lorenz curves and corresponding Gini coefficients indicating the degree of departure of an ideal egalitarian distribution of housepit sizes at Keatley Creek and two other sites. The bottom graph shows the degree to which the number of housepits per site in the region departs from a hypothetical line of equality  652

30.1

(a) The ‘Black Venus’ found at the site of Dolni Vestonice, in the Pavlov Hills of the Czech Republic; (b) Terracotta human figure found at the Maïninskaya site, near Maïna on the Yenisei River in Siberia; (c) Line drawing of ceramic fragment from Tamar Hat near the Mediterranean coast of Algeria, interpreted (by some) as a fragment of a zoomorphic figurine  665

30.2

Vessel from the site of Gasya in the Russian Far East  667

30.3

Middle Jomon pottery vessel from the site of Ookubu, Honshu (Japan)  668

30.4

Fragment of decorated pottery from the site of San Jacinto I in northern Columbia  669

30.5

Sketch map showing the approximate distribution and chronology for the emergence of ceramics in hunter-gatherer societies across the world  677

34.1

Biometry pig (Sus) third molars from prehistoric Denmark from the Mesolithic to Iron Age  751

34.2

Diagram showing the position of the bit in a horse’s mouth, and how it can cause wear on the second premolar and also irritate the bone of the jaw in front of the tooth row (diastema) causing further pathologies  754

34.3

Plots of the Δ13C (= δ13C18:0 – δ13C16:0) values for archaeological animal fat residues in Neolithic pottery from: (a) NW Anatolia, (b) Central Anatolia, (c) SE Europe/N Greece, (d) Eastern Anatolia and the Levant  755

34.4

 A horse being milked in modern-day Kazakhstan. The milk is fermented into a mildly alcoholic drink called koumiss, which is sometimes also smoked to add further flavour  758

36.1

(a) The dispersal of farming across western Eurasia; (b) Genetic matrilineal distances between modern Western Eurasian populations and LBK samples; (c) The three streams of Neolithization with aDNA haplotypes superimposed  788

36.2

Lateralization of triangular points with extension of the pottery traditions of La Hoguette and Limburg and the Rhine-Maas-Schelde (RMS) complex  789

36.3

Schwanfeld, Ldkr. Würzburg, Bavaria. Plan of the site with findspots of radiolarites and microliths of Mesolithic tradition  793

36.4

Imports of northern Late Mesolithic artefacts on southern European Early Neolithic sites  795

37.1

Map of the study area  806

37.2

Spatial-temporal scheme for north-western Europe between Antwerp and Hamburg  807

37.3

Triangular diagram depicting the proportion of bone assemblages reduced to the categories wild, domestic, and pig  808

37.4

Stable isotope for human bones from Hardinxveld (De Bruin and Polderweg), Schipluiden, and Swifterbant compared to those from the Iron Gate sites Lepenski Vir, Vlasac, and Schela Cladovei, from Portugal and Denmark  813

37.5

Map of Swifterbant area. Indicated are the Neolithic IJssel river system and the river dunes series delimiting the Late Glacial river valley  815

37.6

Fish trap from Emmeloord  816

39.1

Fennoscandia with geographical features, regions, and place names mentioned in the text  839

39.2

Distribution of battle axes of the TRB and Corded Ware cultures in northern areas  844

39.3

Map of the dating of cereal pollen  845

40.1

Hunter-gatherers in South-East Asia  862

40.2

Oro using a woven circle of vine to indicate a brass gong  866

40.3

A bundle of rattan recently collected in the forest and ready for transport  867

40.4

Splitting and shaving forest rattan in preparation for making woven baskets  867

41.1

Locations of North American hunter-gatherer populations  883

41.2

 Locations of the three case studies discussed in the text, Iroquois- Algonquian, Middle Missouri, and Plains–Pueblo  884

43.1

Map of southern Africa, showing the major San language groups  920

44.1

The general location of the largest groups of Congo Basin hunter-gatherers  937

47.1

Pacific Northwest Coast culture area  993

48.1

Location of referenced South-East Asian hunter-gatherer societies  1011

49.1

Map of southern South America showing the approximate location of the hunter-gatherers mentioned in the chapter  1032

49.2

Map of northern South America showing the approximate location of the hunter-gatherers mentioned in the chapter  1034

49.3

A Tehuelche camp  1036

49.4

A Hotï man entering his recently built hut. He is transporting most of the family belongings in his basket  1039

49.5

Nukak wet-season camp  1043

50.1

Area of historic Ainu settlement  1055

51.1

The annual routes of the seven families areas of Suenjil in the 1930s  1072

51.2

The spread of the Finnish settlement in Finnish Lapland  1078

51.3

The migrations of reindeer nomads in the Finnish territory  1083

51.4

Changing roles: tutkija muuttuu tutkittavaksi  1087

53.1

A selection of Ju/’hoansi technology  1113

53.2

A selection of Nuvugmiut technology  1114

53.3

Relationship between number of complex tools and Read’s measure of risk: length of growing season times the number of residential moves per year  1117

54.1

Variation in means, as measured by CV, with latitude in three projectile point types in the North American Great Basin  1136

54.2

Variation over time in the thickness and amount of mica in pottery assemblages from radiocarbon-dated houses in southern Owens Valley  1137

55.1

Schematic formation of a haplogroup; the constituent haplotypes emerge in certain time and space  1144

55.2

African mtDNA phylogeny showing the root ~200 ka, the divergence of the Khoisan pool ~100 ka, and first non-African diversification some ~70 ka  1146

58.1

Price’s schematic illustration to indicate characteristics of tree types as they cross-cut and are associated with different objects in the Scandinavian Mesolithic  1214

61.1

 Middle Jomon site of Kowashimizu, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, with 260 pit-houses surrounding a central space containing more than 1,000 storage pits  1274

61.2

View over the prehistoric pit-house village of Keatley Creek, interior British Columbia, Canada  1274

61.3

Salmon drying racks being prepared for the main autumn runs along a tributary of the Fraser River north of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada, June 1994  1275

61.4

The interior of the Whale House of the Gaanaxtedi Clan of Klukwan, Alaska, c.1895  1277

61.5

Bivariate plot of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope results on human bone collagen from the Late-Final Jomon site of Inariyama, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, with inset showing tooth ablation types  1278

61.6

Jomon ‘biscuits’ with impressed designs, from Ondashi, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan  1278

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