The Oxford Handbook of Conflict Management in Organizations
William K. Roche (ed.)
et al.
Published online:
02 September 2014
Published in print:
01 June 2014
Online ISBN:
9780191749834
Print ISBN:
9780199653676
Contents
End Matter
Index
-
Published:June 2014
Annotate
Cite
'Index', in William K. Roche, Paul Teague, and Alexander J. S. Colvin (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Conflict Management in Organizations (2014; online edn, Oxford Academic, 2 Sept. 2014), https://doi.org/, accessed 20 May 2025.
Subject
Business and Management
Series
Oxford Handbooks
Collection:
Oxford Handbooks Online
Index
- 366-degree performance review systems96
- academic literature on conflict management1–2
- Acas1
- Australian system443
- Code of Practice on Disciplinary Practice and Procedures in Employment481
- establishment481
- mediation and conciliation, difference between339
- outcomes145
- accessibility of ombudsperson procedures215
- accountability
- bargaining relationship143
- conflict management systems255
- unions73
- United States Postal Service287–289
- adjudication96
- Administrative Dispute Resolution Act (1990, USA)263
- Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service See Acas
- affinity groups68
- Age Discrimination Act (2004, Australia)438
- agencies, conflict resolution1
- Alcoa410
- Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz (AGG)373–374
- alternative dispute resolution (ADR)4, 106
- advantages218
- design282
- developments2
- employer willingness to implement86–87
- Germany364
- judicial mediation in employment tribunals, implications348–349
- and mediation199
- as new orthodoxy268
- outcomes265
- pluralist frame of reference27
- prevalence263–264
- as privatizing dispute resolution344
- training1
- Alternative Dispute Resolution Act (1998, USA)282
- Alternative Dispute Resolution Assistance Scheme (ADRAS)431
- Alternative Dispute Resolution Pledge194
- American Bar Association (ABA), Labor and Employment Section122
- American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees298
- American Federation of Teachers298
- Americans With Disabilities Act280
- arbitration81, 85, 144, 146–145, 313–314
- advisory146
- and mediation, differences between121–122
- as mechanism of conflict resolution and catalyst of conflict55
- consensus316–317
- expedited121
- grievance rates180
- mandatory See mandatory arbitration
- law67
- Asia, growing interest in conflict management2
- attitudinal structuring141–142
- Australia425–448
- changing patterns of workplace conflict436–440
- dispute-prone industries and occupations436
- divergences from other countries351–352
- Fair Work Ombudsman435–436
- growing interest in conflict management2
- industrial relations context426–435
- police strikes311
- third party involvement144
- Australian Building and Construction Commission (ABCC)436
- Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)437
- Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission428
- Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC)438
- Austria368
- authority of managers239–240
- Bell Labs217
- best practices271
- Board of Inquiry (USA)123
- books on conflict management1–2
- Bretton Woods Agreement (1944)41
- Business Council of Australia (BCA)429
- California Nurses Association (CNA)309
- Canada
- conflict management systems266–267
- growing interest in conflict management2
- interest-based bargaining159
- judicial mediation337
- mediation-supported arbitration316
- micro conflict management systems47
- non-union firms, conflict resolution in183
- strikes42
- capitalism
- China498
- employment relationship27
- endemic nature of conflict29
- institutional conflict approach40
- strikes and lockouts, trends in116
- systemic sources of conflict30
- unitarist frame of reference18
- change, organizational227
- Change to Win298
- China494–519
- collectivism411–412
- Constitution509
- divergences from other countries353–354
- external labor dispute resolution510–516
- growing interest in conflict management2
- increase in labor disputes494–498
- internal labor dispute resolution499–510
- judicial mediation337
- varieties of labor dispute resolution498–499
- civil code, Germany374
- Clinton, Bill263
- co-determination rights, Germany370
- collective bargaining80–1, 105, 116–134, 312–317
- changes2
- contracting coverage and scope2
- critical frame of reference21
- decline in26
- globalization137
- governance67
- history41
- interest-based See interest-based bargaining
- Marxian perspective on conflict38
- process140–144
- tradition139
- unions’ less confrontational postures112
- collective consultation See joint consultation
- collective labor law, Germany365
- Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission (Australia)427–428
- Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration (Australia)427
- Commonwealth Industrial Court (Australia)427–428
- community unionism, Japan397–398
- company unions39
- competition
- growing intensity2
- history of conflict management41
- international112
- USA415
- voluntary procedures in dispute resolution138
- compulsory arbitration See mandatory arbitration
- conciliation See mediation
- Confederation of Germany Employers (BDA)366
- conflict management systems (CMS)4–5, 199, 250–272
- antecedents and prevalence261–265
- broad perspective46–7
- components210
- definition406–407
- features250–256
- goals15
- historical perspective42
- individual grievances, group conflicts, and collective bargaining256–257
- limitations30
- outcomes265–269
- as proactive posture112
- research priorities268–269
- conflict resolution agencies1
- consensus arbitration316–317
- consultation rights, Germany370
- Control Data Corporation217
- Coolidge, Calvin312
- coordinated market economies426
- co-regulation, employment rights65–73
- court system
- New Zealand455 See also law; See also litigation
- cultural factors in conflict resolution411
- decision science161
- democracy
- collective bargaining and union representation58
- grievance procedures117
- ombudsperson procedures218
- Denmark139
- Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS, UK)334
- Department for Constitutional Affairs (DCA, UK)334
- deregulation, regulated self-regulation as form of64
- directive mediation See evaluative mediation
- Disability Discrimination Act (1992, Australia)438
- discipline, and grievance procedures118
- disciplined worker hypothesis244–245
- discrimination
- arbitration85
- Australia439–440
- employment rights61–2
- grievance procedures118
- judicial mediation in employment tribunals340
- law175–176
- mediation201
- Dispute Adjustment System (Japan)390
- Dispute Resolution Commitment194
- due process218
- conflict management systems255–256
- co-regulation67
- grievance procedures118
- importance25
- systemic litigation avoidance61
- UK486
- Early Conciliation (EC, UK)485
- Eaton410
- economic policies38
- economic shocks, Germany376–380
- Elcano, Mary281
- employee lockouts116
- employee representation See representation of employees
- employee turnover236
- Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT, UK)333
- employment at will
- alternative dispute resolution86–7
- Employment Relations Act (ERA, 2000, New Zealand)195, 452–453, 458–460, 461, 462, 463, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469
- amendments459–460
- Employment Relations Amendment Act (2004, New Zealand)459–460
- employment relationship
- employment rights
- conflict management systems261
- expansion112
- governance perspective53–78
- increasingly extensive2, 59–63 See also rights-based practices
- employment tribunals (ETs) See tribunals
- engagement, job244
- Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill (UK)339
- enterprise boards, Germany365
- Enterprise Labor Dispute Negotiation and Mediation Regulations (ELDNMR, 2011, China)499, 500, 501, 502
- enterprise unions
- equal consultation and collective contract system, China505
- Equal Opportunities Commission (USA)263
- Europe
- growing interest in conflict management2
- non-union firms, conflict resolution in182
- ombudsperson procedures220–1
- European Commission138
- European Works Councils365
- evolutionary perspective on conflict32
- exit mediation465–466
- fairness
- Australian labor market regulation428
- conflict management systems255
- third party involvement140
- Fair Work Australia (FWA)431
- Fair Work Building and Construction (Australia)436
- Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act (ROA, 2009, Australia)441
- Federal Arbitration Act (USA)177
- Federal Court (Australia)428
- Federal Labor Relations Authority (USA)280
- Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS, Canada)139
- Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FCMS, USA)1, 122
- advisory role139
- Kaiser Permanente299
- New Zealand’s Industrial Mediation Service456
- United States Postal Service282
- Federal Transport Security Administration (TSA, USA)267
- fee-for-service approach, Japanese unionism398
- Fernandez, Gary300
- financial markets, deregulation and globalization44
- Finland139
- foreign direct investment137
- Foxconn508
- General Equal Treatment Act (AGG, Germany)373–374
- Germany363–384
- anti-discrimination law373–374
- arbitration panels370–371
- court system365
- divergences from other countries350
- “dual system” of interest representation365–369
- evolution of established practices375–380
- grievance right369
- mediation law374
- neo-corporatism38
- non-statutory representation bodies371–373
- non-union firms, conflict resolution in182
- union density136
- goals of conflict management12–16, 27–28
- critical frame of reference21
- neoliberal egoist frame of reference19–20
- unitarist frame of reference22
- Gore, Al263
- governance53–78
- grievance procedures3, 105–6, 116–134
- dynamics119–120
- managerial reactions to employee use of voice92–3
- non-union firms168–189
- ombudspeople213
- outcomes125–129
- as reactive117–118
- union v. non-union129–130
- grievance right, Germany369
- group conflicts256–257
- guanxi500
- Harman International410
- Health and Safety in Employment Act (1992, New Zealand)466
- Higgins, Henry Bournes427
- historical perspective on conflict40–5
- Holland See Netherlands
- Honda509
- HR Nicholls Society429
- Human Resource Institute New Zealand467
- human resources (HR)/human resources management (HRM)79–104
- alternative dispute resolution112
- Australia433
- Germany364
- innovations2
- USA415, 417 See also strategic human resource management
- Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC, Australia)438
- Human Rights Commission (New Zealand)467
- identification, organizational
- conflict management systems266
- illness, and workplace conflict440
- income distribution, Japan391
- incomes policies41
- Individual Flexibility Agreements (IFAs), Australia432
- individual labor law, Germany365
- Industrial Mediation Service (New Zealand)456
- industrial pluralist perspective on conflict32–3
- Industrial Relations Act (IR Act, 1988, Australia)428
- Industrial Relations Reform Act (1993, Australia)429
- inflation, UK476
- information rights, Germany370
- Institute for Public Affairs (Australia)429
- integrated conflict management systems See conflict management systems
- integrative bargaining See interest-based bargaining
- interactional justice243
- interest-based bargaining (IBB)4, 141, 150–167
- arbitration85
- Australia433
- developments associated with112
- future opportunities and challenges163–164
- Germany368
- Kaiser Permanente297–310
- mediation84
- New Zealand Police325
- phase I: preparing153–154
- phase II: bargaining over how to bargain154–155
- phase III: opening and exploring155–156
- phase IV: focusing and agreeing
- phase V: implementing and sustaining157–158
- pluralist frame of reference23
- practical skills151–158
- underlying theory160–163
- International Brotherhood of Teamsters298
- International Conference of Labour Statisticians437
- International Federation of Professional and Technical Employees298
- International Labour Organization (ILO)312
- International Longshore and Warehouse Union298
- International Ombudsman Association (IOA)221
- International Ombudsman Organization209
- international trade, trends137
- International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America (UAW)154–155, 159–160
- Intrater, Karen281
- Ireland, Republic of
- alternative dispute resolution263–264
- managers240
- non-judicial conflict resolution139
- non-union firms, conflict resolution in183
- third party involvement139
- unions440–441
- Italy136
- Jackson, Peter464
- Japan385–404
- changing nature of dispute resolution395–397
- community unionism397–398
- convergences with other countries355
- divergences from other countries350–1
- enterprise unions386–387
- experimentation in dispute resolution397–399
- external dispute resolution mechanisms389–390
- fragmentation of dispute resolution mechanisms392–395
- growing interest in conflict management2
- individual labor disputes393–395
- joint action by individual workers398–399
- ombudsperson procedures225
- terms and conditions of employment393
- “traditional” system of industrial relations and dispute resolution386–390
- unfair labor practices392–393
- union density136
- wage bargaining and dispute settling procedures387–389
- Japan Productivity Centre396
- job satisfaction
- conflict management systems266
- Kaiser Permanente309
- voice, employee willingness to use88–9
- John Lewis221
- joint action by individual workers, Japan398–399
- judicial mediation in employment tribunals333–352
- analysis342–348
- benefits335–339
- data, method, and pilot design340–342
- just cause protection72
- justice
- as goal of conflict management15
- interactional243
- managers243
- marginal productivity19
- natural140
- ombudsperson procedures228
- retributive291
- substantive290
- transitional290
- United States Postal Service288, 290–292, 293 See also distributive justice; See also fairness; See also procedural justice
- Kaiser Permanente (KP)297–310
- interest-based bargaining157, 159, 161 See also labor–management partnership (LMP), Kaiser Permanente
- Keeler Brass Automotive Group (1995)84
- Kolstad v. American Dental Association69
- Labor Contract Law (2008, China)495
- labor courts81
- labor dispute arbitration committees (LDACs), China495–497, 500, 501, 510, 512–513, 514, 515–516, 517
- labor inspection agencies, China516
- Labor Law (1994, China)499
- labor–management partnership (LMP), Kaiser Permanente297–310
- background298
- early years300–301
- origins299–300
- Labour Adjustment Law (1946, Japan)388
- Labour Relations Agency (Northern Ireland)139
- Labour Relations Commission (South Korea)15–16
- law218
- Canada183
- co-regulation66–7
- critical frame of reference21
- managers239
- pluralist frame of reference27
- Law for Promoting the Resolution of Individual Labor Disputes (2001, Japan)393–394
- Lawrence, David300
- legal system/legislation See court system; See law; See litigation
- liberal market economies (LMEs)426
- Australia426
- endemic nature of conflict46
- micro conflict management systems47
- non-union firms, conflict resolution in182–183
- line managers See managers and supervisors
- literature on conflict management1–2
- litigation
- contractual avoidance strategies62–3
- employers’ perceived risks of86–7
- goals of conflict management16
- governance67
- Japan394–395
- mediation192
- performance appraisal data128
- rising costs2
- systemic avoidance strategies60–2
- trends112
- lockouts116
- Magna Carta25
- management appeals boards171–172
- management by exception245
- managers and supervisors233–249
- alternative dispute resolution4
- conflict reduction and management, capacity for242–246
- distribution of conflict237–238
- extent of conflict involving234–236
- Kaiser Permanente297–310
- open door policies170–171
- “problem” of238–242
- marginal productivity justice19
- Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination (MCAD)196
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)217
- media coverage of mediation145
- mediation84, 144–146, 190–209, 252
- and arbitration, differences between121–122
- benefits335–339
- contract (interest)122–124
- cost195–196
- effectiveness factors197–198
- employee willingness to use89
- exit465–466
- grievance (rights)121–123
- incidence trends194–195
- justice200–201
- managerial reactions to employee use of voice96
- ombudsperson procedures224
- outcomes268
- peer173
- power200–201
- principles and practice192–193
- as proactive posture112
- problem-solving approach192
- settlement465–466
- shadow317
- styles191–192
- success measurement196–197
- USA406, 407, 409–410, 412, 416 See also arb+med; See also facilitative mediation; See also judicial mediation in employment tribunals; See also med+arb; See also transformational mediation
- Mediation Law (Germany)374
- Mediationsgesetz374
- Mediterranean countries, non-judicial conflict resolution139
- Merit Systems Protection Board (USA)281
- minimum wage, New Zealand454–455
- mining sector, Australia437
- monitoring244–245
- Moore, Des429
- moral hazard31
- mutual gains bargaining See interest-based bargaining
- national emergency dispute provisions, USA123
- National Enterprise Labour Relations Law (Japan)388
- National Health Insurance Law (2010, USA)307–308
- National Labor Relations Act (NLRA, 1935, USA)
- Kaiser Permanente305
- mediation123
- Taft-Hartley amendments (1947)56
- union organizing activity175
- National Mediation Board (USA)123
- natural justice140
- negotiated processes260
- Netherlands
- non-judicial conflict resolution139
- third party involvement139
- union density136
- voluntarism138
- new institutional economics42
- new public management (NPM)2
- New Zealand449–474
- bullying and harassment466–467
- conflict management systems262–263
- divergences from other countries352–3
- Employment Contracts Act (1991)456–458
- Employment Relations Act (2000)458–460
- goals of conflict management16
- growing interest in conflict management2
- historical context454–456
- personal grievances and individual disputes, rise of460–463
- third party involvement139
- New Zealand Fire Service468
- non-union employee representation (NER) See alternative dispute resolution
- non-union firms, conflict resolution in168–189
- adoption of procedures174–178
- alternative dispute resolution4
- assumptions of conflict management23–24
- China501
- cross-national variation182–184
- Germany371–373
- goals of conflict management16
- impacts on employees and the workplace181–182
- typology of procedures169–173
- UK482
- usage of procedures178–181
- no strike procedures144
- Obama, Barack307
- Office and Professional Employees International Union298
- oil shock (1973)387
- ombudsperson procedures84, 173, 208–30
- as antecedent to conflict management systems261
- challenges and dilemmas225–7
- competencies and functions222–5
- employee willingness to use89
- managerial reactions to employee use of voice96
- pluralist frame of reference26
- as proactive posture112
- role genesis and development217–23
- structural rationale212–15
- USA409–410
- open door policies83, 169, 170
- assumptions of conflict management23
- critical frame of reference24
- pluralist frame of reference26
- unitarist frame of reference21
- opening clauses in collective agreements (Germany)375–376
- Oregon Federation of Nurses and Health Professionals (OFNHP)298
- organizational change227
- organizational culture See culture, organizational
- organizational justice See justice
- organizational learning See learning, organizational
- organizational ombudsman (OO) See ombudsperson procedures
- organizational size See size, organizational
- outsourcing, collective bargaining strategies137
- Pacts for Employment and Competitiveness (Germany)376
- parallel dispute resolution systems260
- path dependence, managers242
- pay See wages
- PECO Energy410
- peer mediation173
- peer review84, 169, 172, 185
- adoption of175
- avoidance of unionization86
- conflict management systems254
- employment rights68
- grievance rates180
- outcomes268
- pluralist frame of reference26
- petitioning, China516
- police
- arbitration313
- developments in conflict management2
- New Zealand See New Zealand Police
- strikes311–312
- policies See economic policies; See employment laws and policies; See incomes policies; See welfare state policies
- Portugal139
- positive psychology162
- Postal Reorganization Act (1970, USA)280
- post-arbitration negotiation316
- pre-claim conciliation (PCC), UK484–485
- principled negotiation251
- Privacy Act (1992, New Zealand)461
- private sector
- Australia441
- Germany366
- managers235
- mediation488
- New Zealand317–318
- non-union firms, conflict resolution in174
- strikes136
- procedural justice
- alternative dispute resolution87
- conflict management systems266
- as goal of conflict management15
- managers243
- mediation203
- New Zealand462–463
- ombudsperson procedures220
- productivity, and conflict management systems266
- Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) strike43
- promotion, as grievance issue118
- public sector
- Australia441
- changing environment136
- conflict management systems264
- developments in conflict management2
- final offer arbitration144
- Germany368
- managers235
- privatization trends137
- strikes136
- union membership137
- Qantas434
- Racial Discrimination Act (1975, Australia)438
- Railway Labor Act (RLA, 1926, USA)123
- recessions236
- recorded settlements, New Zealand466
- REDRESS© program See United States Postal Service
- regulated self-regulation67, 73, 74
- improvement through worker representation63–6
- rise of59–63 See also co-regulation, employment rights
- Regulations for the Handling of Enterprise Labor Disputes (1993, China)499
- Regulations on Enterprise Democratic Management (REDM), China507
- Regulations on Enterprise Labor Dispute Negotiation and Mediation (ELDNMR, 2011, China)499, 500, 501, 502
- Rengo Fukuoka Union398
- Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Australian Industrial Relations Law and Systems428
- Restructuring Associates, Inc. (RAI)300
- retributive justice291
- rights-based practices
- arbitration85
- Australia443
- managers246
- New Zealand455–456
- ombudsperson procedures211
- outcomes267
- Ross, Iain434
- Rosselli, Sal304–305
- Rugby World Cup (2011)469
- Ruide Electronics508
- R v. Kirby427
- San Juan Unified School District163–164
- savings levels, Japan391
- Schneider, Tom300
- self-governance65–6
- self-regulation, regulated See regulated self-regulation
- settlement mediation, New Zealand465–466
- Sex Discrimination Act (1984, Australia)438
- shadow mediation317
- Shared Neutrals program284
- showcasing employee use of voice97
- shuttle diplomacy in judicial mediation339
- single-text strategy, third party involvement146
- size, organizational
- distribution of workplace conflict237
- Germany371
- judicial mediation in employment tribunals346–348
- mediation488
- New Zealand467
- skill level factors, UK conflict resolution479
- Smith, Adam17
- social constructionism162–163
- social dialog139
- Soviet Union, former137
- Spain138
- Sparks Nugget, Inc. (1980)84
- Stepp, John300
- Stern, Andrew304–305
- strategic human resource management (SHRM)
- alternative dispute resolution87
- strikes
- balloon theory of conflict37
- collective bargaining140–141
- costs116
- country comparison368
- employment rights58
- industrial pluralist perspective33
- Japan388
- managerial perspective32
- national reactions to135
- neoliberal perspective31
- New Zealand454
- no strike procedures144
- by police311–312
- power relationships140–141
- radical perspective33
- USA123
- subsidiarity principle, conflict management systems258
- substantive justice290
- supervision as grievance issue118
- supervisors See managers and supervisors
- supposals156
- surveillance244–245
- Sweeney, John299
- Switzerland368
- temporary work, Japan391
- terms and conditions of employment, Japan393
- textbooks on conflict management1–2
- third party involvement1, 135–147
- advisory role139
- China500
- conflict management systems257
- institutional changes138–140
- methods144–145
- non-union firms, conflict resolution in179 See also arbitration; See also conflict resolution agencies; See also mediation
- Title VII, Civil Rights Act (1964, USA)
- United States Postal Service280
- Trades Union Congress (TUC)141
- trades unions See unions
- Trade Union Law (2001, China)504
- Trade Union Law (Japan)389
- Transforming Public Services: Complaints, Redress and Tribunals White Paper (UK)334
- transitional justice290
- Transport Security Administration (TSA, USA)267
- tripartite arbitration panels315
- trust
- bargaining relationship143
- China502
- Kaiser Permanente301
- mediation199
- United States Postal Service287
- turnover236
- unfair labor practices, Japan392–393
- unions80–1
- alternative dispute resolution183
- bargaining power55
- bargaining process142
- changing environment140
- globalized economy137
- goals of conflict management16
- grievance procedures117–131
- Ireland440–441
- police311
- regulated self-regulation65–6
- rights-based practices246
- social dialog139
- strategies137
- union shock theory129
- voice, employee willingness to use89
- United Autoworkers Union41
- United Food and Commercial Workers298
- United Healthcare Workers—West (UHW)305
- United Kingdom475–493
- changing patterns of workplace conflict438–439
- conflict management systems257
- devolution of conflict management485–486
- divergences from other countries353
- future prospects and considerations488–490
- legal framework of conflict resolution480–482
- micro conflict management systems47
- non-judicial conflict resolution139
- non-union firms, conflict resolution in183–184
- pattern of workplace conflict476–480
- police strikes311
- workplace partnership agreements141
- United Nurses Association of California (UNAC)298
- United States of America405–424
- changing patterns of workplace conflict439–440
- Constitution25
- divergences from other countries351
- employment rights and workplace conflict53–74
- final offer arbitration314
- grievance procedures116–134
- growing interest in conflict management2
- judicial mediation337
- Marxian perspective on conflict38–9
- micro conflict management systems47
- occupation of Japan388
- peer review84
- pluralist frame of reference26
- reactive to strategic conflict management414–417
- strategic choice and conflict management417–419
- Treaty of Detroit41
- unions43, 54, 136, 153, 411–414, 421 See also Kaiser Permanente; See also United States Postal Service
- United States Postal Service (USPS) mediation (REDRESS© program)192, 193, 196, 198, 199, 202, 279–296, 410
- designs, structure, and resources282–287
- goals281
- lessons from290–292
- stakeholders and context280–281
- success and accountability287–289
- systemic impact289–290
- United Steel Workers298
- Veterans Affairs (VA)284
- voice
- critical frame of reference21
- grievance procedures117
- human resources management79–104
- unitarist frame of reference22
- Warner Brothers464
- Watson, Tom170
- welfare state policies46
- Wells, John Calhoun300
- Werner Enterprises410
- Winklemann, Justice467
- work groups2
- worker representation See representation of employees
- working conditions as grievance issue118
- workplace determination (Australia)433–434
- workplace partnership agreements141
- world trade, growth of44
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