List of Figures

Absolute difference in Labour and Conservative seat shares, 1970–2005 296

The Russian Doll Model 315

From Russian Dolltospider's web 318

The central state 351

Range of ‘lobbying’ meanings 370

Declining class voting, 1960s–2000s 467

Weakening partisanship, 1960s–2000s 467

Turnout at British general elections since 1945 475

Staying on rates (proportions) by parental income group 616

Degree completion by age 23 by parental income group 617

Average rank of test scores at 22, 42, 60, and 120 months by SES of parents and early rank position 619

Unemployment rates by ethnic group and age, 2001–2 744

The relationship between political participation and government effectiveness in thirty‐seven countries, 2004 775

Turnout in United Kingdom general elections, 1945–2005 777

Trendsinparty membership 1983–2005 778

The number of political actions undertaken in a year 780

Membership of organizations 783

Attempts to influence education, medical treatment, or working conditions 787

The relationship between indicators of participation and social capital in the British Election Study, 2005 793

Ratio of merchandise trade to GDP at current prices, 1913–2005 864

Ratio of British exports to the EU to those to the rest of the world 865

Origin of British imports (goods), 1998–2006 865

Destination of British exports (goods), 1998–2006 866

Origin of British imports (services), 1992–2005 867

Destination of British exports (services), 1992–2005 868

Origin of British inbound FDI, 1996–2005 868

Destination of British outbound FDI, 1996–2005 869

British inbound FDI, 1996–2005 869

British outbound FDI, 1996–2005 870

Daily average foreign‐exchange turnover, 1988–2004 871

Equity turnover on the London Stock Exchange—UK and foreign holdings, 1987–2004 871

British in‐migration, 1971–2004 872

British out‐migration, 1971–2004 873

Britain's balance of trade in goods and services, 1992–2005 875

Britain's balance of trade in goods and services with the EU, 1992–2005 876