
Contents
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1. Introduction 1. Introduction
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2. Static models 2. Static models
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2.1 National Standard Englishes 2.1 National Standard Englishes
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2.2 Categorizing Countries: The Classic Tripartite Models 2.2 Categorizing Countries: The Classic Tripartite Models
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2.3 Hub and Spokes Models 2.3 Hub and Spokes Models
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2.4 Listings of Variety Types 2.4 Listings of Variety Types
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3. Evolutionary models 3. Evolutionary models
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3.1 Trudgill’s Deterministic Model 3.1 Trudgill’s Deterministic Model
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3.2 Schneider’s Dynamic Model of the Evolution of Postcolonial Englishes 3.2 Schneider’s Dynamic Model of the Evolution of Postcolonial Englishes
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3.2.1 Precursors: earlier cyclic models 3.2.1 Precursors: earlier cyclic models
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3.2.2 Schneider’s Dynamic Model 3.2.2 Schneider’s Dynamic Model
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3.2.3 Reactions, applications, and further development 3.2.3 Reactions, applications, and further development
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4. Conclusion 4. Conclusion
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Note Note
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References References
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3 Models of English in the World
Get accessEdgar W. Schneider is Chair Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Regensburg, Germany. In his dissertation (published as American Earlier Black English, University of Alabama Press 1989) he analyzed the WPA ex-slave narratives, and he has continued to investigate diachronically relevant sources of African-American and other dialects, next to his more recent research specialization in "World Englishes". He has published and lectured on all continents on topics in the dialectology, sociolinguistics, and history of English and its varieties. He edited the scholarly journal English World-Wide for many years and has written and edited about 20 books, including Handbook of Varieties of English (Mouton 2004, 2008), Postcolonial English (Cambridge University Press 2007) and English Around the World (Cambridge University Press 2011).
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Published:13 January 2014
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Abstract
This chapter systematically surveys conceptual frameworks (models) that have been suggested to identify similarities between World Englishes and to classify them accordingly. The earliest suggestions along these lines were static models, which either worked out historically based relationships between national varieties, having branched off in a family-tree-like manner, or classified countries based on whether English is used as a native, second or foreign language in them. Other early categorizations emphasized the global, national or regional outreach of varieties (in “hub-and-spoke” models) or variety types based on sociolinguistic settings in communities and their resulting linguistic properties. In contrast, recent models emphasize the evolutionary or even cyclic character of varieties; these include Trudgill’s deterministic theory and, very widely accepted nowadays, Schneider’s Dynamic Model, which is broadly outlined, including a brief discussion of some applications of and reactions to it.
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