
Contents
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3 System Justification Theory and Research: Implications for Law, Legal Advocacy, and Social Justice
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I. NaÏve Realism I. NaÏve Realism
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A. Component 1—“I Am Not Biased” A. Component 1—“I Am Not Biased”
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1. How we believe we see things objectively 1. How we believe we see things objectively
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2. How we do not see things objectively 2. How we do not see things objectively
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3. Why we believe we see things objectively 3. Why we believe we see things objectively
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B. Component 2—“Everyone Who is Reasonable Agrees with me” B. Component 2—“Everyone Who is Reasonable Agrees with me”
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C. Component 3—“If You Disagree with me, You must be Biased” C. Component 3—“If You Disagree with me, You must be Biased”
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II. NaÏve Cynicism II. NaÏve Cynicism
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A. The Naïve Cynicism Prediction A. The Naïve Cynicism Prediction
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1. Conditions encouraging backlash 1. Conditions encouraging backlash
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2. Methods and targets of backlash 2. Methods and targets of backlash
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3. Dispositionist entrepreneurs 3. Dispositionist entrepreneurs
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III. An Application: The “Bad Apple” Prison Guard III. An Application: The “Bad Apple” Prison Guard
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A. Testing the Prediction: Conditions Encouraging Backlash A. Testing the Prediction: Conditions Encouraging Backlash
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1. Salient actors and clear choices 1. Salient actors and clear choices
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2. Complex and counterintuitive situationist explanations 2. Complex and counterintuitive situationist explanations
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3. Situationist explanations fail to offer clear answers or cognitive closure 3. Situationist explanations fail to offer clear answers or cognitive closure
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4. Outgroup members implicated in situationist explanations 4. Outgroup members implicated in situationist explanations
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5. Situationist explanations threaten conceptions of our ingroups and ourselves 5. Situationist explanations threaten conceptions of our ingroups and ourselves
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6. Situationist explanations threaten the legitimacy of larger systems 6. Situationist explanations threaten the legitimacy of larger systems
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B. Testing the Prediction: Methods and Targets of Backlash B. Testing the Prediction: Methods and Targets of Backlash
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1. Attacking the situationist attributions themselves 1. Attacking the situationist attributions themselves
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2. Attacking the situationist individuals, groups, and institutions 2. Attacking the situationist individuals, groups, and institutions
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3. Attacking the situationalized subjects 3. Attacking the situationalized subjects
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C. Testing the Prediction: Dispositionist Entrepreneurs C. Testing the Prediction: Dispositionist Entrepreneurs
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D. Final Thoughts on the Detainee Debate D. Final Thoughts on the Detainee Debate
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IV. Conclusion IV. Conclusion
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Notes Notes
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Reference Reference
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13 Seeing Bias: Discrediting and Dismissing Accurate Attributions
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Published:January 2012
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Abstract
This chapter explores the way in which dispositionism maintains its dominance as an attributional framework despite failing to capture accurately the causes of human behavior. The answer lies in a subordinate dynamic and discourse, naïve cynicism: the basic subconscious mechanism by which dispositionists discredit and dismiss generally more accurate situationist insights and their proponents. Without the operation of naïve cynicism, dispositionism would be far more vulnerable to challenge and change. Naïve cynicism is, thus, critically important to explaining how and why certain legal policies manage to carry the day. As a case study, the chapter considers the naïve cynical backlash against situationist accounts of the causes of prisoner abuses at Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo Bay, and other detentions centers.
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