
Contents
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3 System Justification Theory and Research: Implications for Law, Legal Advocacy, and Social Justice
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I. Introduction I. Introduction
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A. Cultural Cognition A. Cultural Cognition
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B. Automatic Associations B. Automatic Associations
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C. Association-Based Implicit Measures C. Association-Based Implicit Measures
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D. The Cultural Knowledge Question D. The Cultural Knowledge Question
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E. Preview E. Preview
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II. Evidence for the Implicit Attitudes Perspective II. Evidence for the Implicit Attitudes Perspective
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A. Predicting Judgments and Behavior A. Predicting Judgments and Behavior
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B. Overriding Automatic Biases B. Overriding Automatic Biases
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C. Correlations Between Implicit and Explicit Measures C. Correlations Between Implicit and Explicit Measures
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D. Experimental Manipulations of Attitude-Relevant Variables D. Experimental Manipulations of Attitude-Relevant Variables
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E. Summary E. Summary
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III. Cultural Influences on Automatic Associations III. Cultural Influences on Automatic Associations
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A. Effects of Environmental Conditioning A. Effects of Environmental Conditioning
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B. Relationship Between Perceived Cultural Attitudes and Automatic Associations B. Relationship Between Perceived Cultural Attitudes and Automatic Associations
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C. Associations with Victimization or Oppression C. Associations with Victimization or Oppression
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D. Personalizing Implicit Measures D. Personalizing Implicit Measures
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E. What Culture Can Tell Us About Automatic Associations (and Vice Versa) E. What Culture Can Tell Us About Automatic Associations (and Vice Versa)
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IV. Conclusion IV. Conclusion
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Notes Notes
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Reference Reference
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7 Automatic Associations: Personal Attitudes or Cultural Knowledge?
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Published:January 2012
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Abstract
People have automatic associations with a myriad of targets, from political figures to ethnic minorities. Automatic associations may constitute implicit attitudes that are related to, but distinct from explicitly endorsed attitudes. They could also represent knowledge of cultural attitudes unrelated to personal feelings, judgments, and behaviors (the culture-as-contaminant interpretation). Finally, automatic associations could reflect knowledge of cultural attitudes that influences behaviors because individuals use others’ attitudes to guide their own actions (the culture-as-norms interpretation). This chapter finds that automatic associations exhibit relationships with feelings, judgments, and behaviors supportive of the implicit attitudes view and inconsistent with both versions of the cultural knowledge view. Environmental conditioning and the cultural victimization of the target do influence automatic associations. However, such effects are inconclusive because the implicit attitudes view also expects strong environmental and cultural influences on automatic associations. Empirical criteria for resolving the “person or culture?’ debate are proposed.
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