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Serbian nationalism and South Slav cooperation before 1914 Serbian nationalism and South Slav cooperation before 1914
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Road to the Balkan Wars Road to the Balkan Wars
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First Balkan War First Balkan War
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Second Balkan War Second Balkan War
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War against the Albanians War against the Albanians
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Social Democratic opposition to militarism Social Democratic opposition to militarism
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Priority question Priority question
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Sarajevo assassination and outbreak of World War I Sarajevo assassination and outbreak of World War I
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12 The Balkan Wars and the Road to World War I: 1912–1914
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Published:May 2024
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Abstract
The 1903 putsch ended the long struggle over Serbia’s constitutional order, allowing Serbia’s political classes to focus on pursuing national goals. Radical ideology increasingly diverged between a conservative, Old Radical, “Great Serbian” current favoring national unification through imposition of Serbia’s political order on the other South Slav lands, and a progressivist, Independent Radical, “Yugoslav” current viewing South Slav unification as an opportunity to transcend the old order in Serbia and the other South Slav lands alike. The Independents’ Yugoslavism reflected their opposition to the Old Radicals’ hegemony in Serbia and their desire to find new allies against it from among the South Slavs outside Serbia. Meanwhile, Radical governments’ pursuit of national goals faced rivalry and interference from the Black Hand, making a sober foreign policy, in an increasingly fraught international climate, ever harder to maintain. Serbia’s victory in the Balkan Wars, involving its acquisition of a large territory in the Sanjak, Kosovo and Macedonia, catalyzed the power struggle between the Radicals and the Black Hand, by expanding its arena. Serbia’s expansion heightened Austro-Hungarian enmity, yet Pašić could not navigate this situation successfully because he could not restrain the Black Hand. The Sarajevo assassination and war with Austria-Hungary were the result.
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