
Contents
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Overview Overview
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A. How large is the media sector? A. How large is the media sector?
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B. What are the world’s largest national media markets? B. What are the world’s largest national media markets?
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C. What are the largest media industries? Is content really “king”? C. What are the largest media industries? Is content really “king”?
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Global Concentration Trends Global Concentration Trends
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D. What are the levels and trends of media concentration in different countries and industries? D. What are the levels and trends of media concentration in different countries and industries?
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E. Are the world’s media becoming more concentrated? E. Are the world’s media becoming more concentrated?
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Content Media Concentration Trends Content Media Concentration Trends
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Platform Media Concentration Trends Platform Media Concentration Trends
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News Media Concentration Trends News Media Concentration Trends
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F. What are the overall concentration trends of media industries? F. What are the overall concentration trends of media industries?
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G. Have American media become more concentrated? G. Have American media become more concentrated?
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Content Media Content Media
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Platform Media Platform Media
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A News Media A News Media
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Overall US Media Overall US Media
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H. Does the transition to Internet-based media reduce concentration? H. Does the transition to Internet-based media reduce concentration?
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National Media Concentrations National Media Concentrations
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I. What countries have particularly high media concentrations? I. What countries have particularly high media concentrations?
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J. Where is there a high pluralism of voices, and why? J. Where is there a high pluralism of voices, and why?
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K. What are the factors for high national media concentration? K. What are the factors for high national media concentration?
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L. What countries have particularly high cross-media ownership? L. What countries have particularly high cross-media ownership?
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M. What countries have a high foreign ownership of media? M. What countries have a high foreign ownership of media?
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N. What countries are high exporters of media? N. What countries are high exporters of media?
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O. Do American media companies dominate the world media? Does Hollywood dominate content? O. Do American media companies dominate the world media? Does Hollywood dominate content?
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P. Where is there a strong role of public (state) ownership in media concentration? P. Where is there a strong role of public (state) ownership in media concentration?
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Q. Are there different market characteristics for media in the countries of the North versus those of the South? Q. Are there different market characteristics for media in the countries of the North versus those of the South?
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R. Are there trends of convergence among countries in media concentration? R. Are there trends of convergence among countries in media concentration?
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Industries Industries
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S. What are media industries with particularly high—and low—concentrations? What are the explanations? S. What are media industries with particularly high—and low—concentrations? What are the explanations?
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T. Is there a convergence in market structure among the various media industries? T. Is there a convergence in market structure among the various media industries?
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Companies Companies
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U. Who are the world’s most dominant media companies? U. Who are the world’s most dominant media companies?
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V. Which companies dominate the attention for news? V. Which companies dominate the attention for news?
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Owners Owners
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W. Who are the media owners, and what do they own? W. Who are the media owners, and what do they own?
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X. Who are the Institutional Owners? X. Who are the Institutional Owners?
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Y. What is the Overall Ownership of the Media Sector? Y. What is the Overall Ownership of the Media Sector?
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Problems Problems
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Z. What are the priority problems? Z. What are the priority problems?
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1. The problem of content media concentration 1. The problem of content media concentration
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2. The problem of divergence in platform and content concentration 2. The problem of divergence in platform and content concentration
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3. The China problem 3. The China problem
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4. The Google problem 4. The Google problem
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5. The developing countries and BRICS problem 5. The developing countries and BRICS problem
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6. The industrial media policy problem 6. The industrial media policy problem
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7. The Internet problem 7. The Internet problem
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8. The globalization problem 8. The globalization problem
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9. The problem of private media barons 9. The problem of private media barons
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10. The Problem of Absentee Institutional ownership 10. The Problem of Absentee Institutional ownership
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11. The problem of low impact regulation 11. The problem of low impact regulation
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Outlook Outlook
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Bibliography Bibliography
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Data Tables/Appendix Data Tables/Appendix
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Appendix Appendix
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Who Dominates Print Publishing? Who Dominates Print Publishing?
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What are the largest multi-channel platforms, and the largest providers of TV and video? What are the largest multi-channel platforms, and the largest providers of TV and video?
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Who dominates telecom and ISPs? Who dominates telecom and ISPs?
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38 Findings: The Questions Addressed, From A to Z
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Published:January 2016
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Abstract
There are few industries whose ownership and control are more important than those of media, given their central role in social, cultural, economic, and political life. The preceding chapters have analyzed these industries. This chapter summarizes and interprets the findings across the world, and provides answers to the series of questions, from A to Z, posed in the introductory chapter. These questions include: how large is the media sector? What are the largest media markets? Is content really king? What are the levels of media concentration globally? Are the world’s media becoming more concentrated? Have American media become more concentrated? Does the transition to Internet-based media reduce concentration? What countries have particularly high media concentration? Where is there a high pluralism of voices? What are the factors for high national media concentration? What countries have particularly high cross-media ownership? What countries are high importers and exporters of media? Do American media dominate world media? How does media concentration differ for emerging countries from that of richer countries? What are the trends of convergence among countries and among industries? What are the world’s most dominant media companies? What companies dominate the attention for news? Who are the largest media owners? What are the priority problems? And lastly, what might policy remedies look like?
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