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A Framework for Perception A Framework for Perception
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Experiment I Experiment I
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Method Method
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Results and Discussion Results and Discussion
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Distance and dimension effects on conjunction errors Distance and dimension effects on conjunction errors
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Wholistic perception of objects? Wholistic perception of objects?
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Feature repetitions Feature repetitions
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Confidence and subjective experience Confidence and subjective experience
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Conclusions and further questions Conclusions and further questions
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Experiment II Experiment II
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Method Method
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Results and Discussion Results and Discussion
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Experiment III Experiment III
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Methods Methods
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Results and Discussion Results and Discussion
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Experiment IV Experiment IV
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Method Method
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Results Results
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Illusory conjunctions of size, solidity, and shape Illusory conjunctions of size, solidity, and shape
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Heterogeneity, feature errors, and illusory conjunctions Heterogeneity, feature errors, and illusory conjunctions
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Similarity constraints on illusory conjunctions Similarity constraints on illusory conjunctions
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Independence between features within a single item Independence between features within a single item
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Spatial constraints on illusory conjunctions Spatial constraints on illusory conjunctions
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Experiment V Experiment V
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Method Method
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Results and Discussion Results and Discussion
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General Discussion General Discussion
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References References
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Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology
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Illusory Conjunctions in the Perception of Objects
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Published:May 2012
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When we perceive and identify any complex object, we normally register not only its features (its particular shape, size, color, etc.), but also the fact that they are conjoined in a particular configuration. We see the rose as red, its leaves as green, and the vase as gray. The allocation of colors and sizes to shapes, movements to locations, voices to speakers, seems immediate and automatic. We are seldom aware of making errors in the form of illusory conjunctions, for example seeing a green rose, a red vase, and gray leaves. Yet there is both psychological and physiological evidence which suggests that at least some different dimensions are initially analyzed separately, by functionally independent systems (Shepard, 1964; Garner, 1974; Zeki, 1976).
We have recently proposed a feature-integration theory of attention (Treisman, Sykes, & Gelade, 1977; Treisman & Gelade, 1980), which suggests that focused attention is necessary to conjoin features correctly whenever two or more objects are present and these objects vary along the same dimensions, so that their features could be wrongly recombined. Note that we use the term “dimension” to refer to the set of possible, mutually exclusive states of a variable (e.g., the set of orientations, or the set of colors), and “feature” to refer to particular values on a dimension (e.g., vertical or red). The theory proposes that attention is directed to one object at a time, allowing those features which co-occur in the same attention “fixation” to be conjoined into the correct, unitary whole. When task conditions, such as brief exposure, overloading, or the demands of a competing primary task preclude the serial focusing of attention on each of the items present, “illusory conjunctions” may be formed.
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