
Contents
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Feature Analysis: Some Logical Distinctions Feature Analysis: Some Logical Distinctions
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Parts and Properties Parts and Properties
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Levels of Processing Levels of Processing
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Feature Analyses: Behavioral Tests Feature Analyses: Behavioral Tests
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Search Tasks and Feature Diagnostics: A Pooled Response Model Search Tasks and Feature Diagnostics: A Pooled Response Model
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Search Rates and Group Scanning Search Rates and Group Scanning
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Review of Search Experiments with Simple Feature Discriminations Review of Search Experiments with Simple Feature Discriminations
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General Method General Method
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Quantitative Dimensions Quantitative Dimensions
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Experiment 1: Line Length Experiment 1: Line Length
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Experiment 1a. Line Length: Search With Matched Distractors Experiment 1a. Line Length: Search With Matched Distractors
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Experiment 2: Contrast Experiment 2: Contrast
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Experiment 3: Number (or Proximity) of Lines Experiment 3: Number (or Proximity) of Lines
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Line Curvature and Line Orientation Line Curvature and Line Orientation
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Experiment 4: Curvature Experiment 4: Curvature
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Experiment 5: Orientation Experiment 5: Orientation
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Frame effects Frame effects
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Experiment 4a Experiment 4a
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Experiment 5a Experiment 5a
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Experiment 5b Experiment 5b
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Target or Distractors With Standard Value? Target or Distractors With Standard Value?
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Prototypes and Deviations of Shape and Color Prototypes and Deviations of Shape and Color
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Experiment 6: Circles and Ellipses Experiment 6: Circles and Ellipses
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Experiment 7: Color Experiment 7: Color
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Implications for Pooled-Response Model Implications for Pooled-Response Model
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Line Arrangements Line Arrangements
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Experiment 8: Intersection Experiment 8: Intersection
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Experiment 9: Juncture Experiment 9: Juncture
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Experiment 10: Convergence/Parallelism Experiment 10: Convergence/Parallelism
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Topological Properties: Connectedness and Containment Topological Properties: Connectedness and Containment
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Experiment 11: Connectedness and Terminators Experiment 11: Connectedness and Terminators
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Experiment 12: Containment (Inside vs. Outside) Experiment 12: Containment (Inside vs. Outside)
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Evidence for Serial Search Evidence for Serial Search
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Role of Eye Movements Role of Eye Movements
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General Discussion General Discussion
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Summary of Conclusions About Specific Features Summary of Conclusions About Specific Features
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Coding Feature Values or Differences Coding Feature Values or Differences
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Search Asymmetry Search Asymmetry
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Related Research Related Research
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Relation to Feature-Integration Theory Relation to Feature-Integration Theory
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Attention and Localization in Search for Feature Targets Attention and Localization in Search for Feature Targets
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Relation to Other Theories of Early Vision Relation to Other Theories of Early Vision
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Links to Physiology Links to Physiology
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References References
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Feature Analysis in Early Vision: Evidence From Search Asymmetries
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Published:May 2012
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Abstract
In this article we review some new evidence relating to early visual processing and propose an explanatory framework. A series of search experiments tested detection of targets distinguished from the distractors by differences on a single dimension. Our aim was to use the pattern of search latencies to infer which features are coded automatically in early vision. For each of 12 different dimensions, one or more pairs of contrasting stimuli were tested. Each member of a pair played the role of target in one condition and the role of distractor in the other condition. Many pairs gave rise to a marked asymmetry in search latencies, such that one stimulus in the pair was detected either through parallel processing or with small increases in latency as display size increased, whereas the other gave search functions that increased much more steeply. Targets defined by larger values on the quantitative dimensions of length, number, and contrast, by line curvature, by misaligned orientation, and by values that deviated from a standard or prototypical color or shape were detected easily, whereas targets defined by smaller values on the quantitative dimensions, by straightness, by frame-aligned orientation, and by prototypical colors or shapes required slow and apparently serial search. These values appear to be coded by default, as the absence of the contrasting values. We found no feature of line arrangements that allowed automatic, preattentive detection; nor did connectedness or containment—the two examples of topological features that we tested. We interpret the results as evidence that focused attention to single items or to groups is required to reduce background activity when the Weber fraction distinguishing the pooled feature activity with displays containing a target and with displays containing only distractors is too small to allow reliable discrimination.
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