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Visual Fixation Is Uniquely Controlled Visual Fixation Is Uniquely Controlled
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Patterns of Gaze Are Important for Social Cognition Patterns of Gaze Are Important for Social Cognition
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Eye Movements Serve to Either Stabilize Gaze or Change Direction of Gaze Eye Movements Serve to Either Stabilize Gaze or Change Direction of Gaze
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Extraocular Muscles and Neuromuscular Junctions Have Special Properties Adaptive to Their Function Extraocular Muscles and Neuromuscular Junctions Have Special Properties Adaptive to Their Function
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Fixation at an Eccentric Position Requires Sustained Muscular Force Fixation at an Eccentric Position Requires Sustained Muscular Force
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Vertical Gaze Is Controlled in the Midbrain and Horizontal Gaze in the Pons Vertical Gaze Is Controlled in the Midbrain and Horizontal Gaze in the Pons
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The Vestibuloocular Reflex Ensures a Steady Fixation Target During Head and Body Movements The Vestibuloocular Reflex Ensures a Steady Fixation Target During Head and Body Movements
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The VOR Is a Disynaptic Reflex The VOR Is a Disynaptic Reflex
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Nystagmus Can Result from Unbalanced Peripheral Vestibular Input Nystagmus Can Result from Unbalanced Peripheral Vestibular Input
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Nystagmus Is Varied in Appearance and Cause Nystagmus Is Varied in Appearance and Cause
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The Vestibuloocular Reflex Is Constantly Modulated by the Cerebellar Flocculus The Vestibuloocular Reflex Is Constantly Modulated by the Cerebellar Flocculus
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Optokinetic Responses Give Rise to Physiological Nystagmus Optokinetic Responses Give Rise to Physiological Nystagmus
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Saccades Are Ballistic Movements Saccades Are Ballistic Movements
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The Circuit for Horizontal Saccades Involves Premotor Neurons in the Horizontal Gaze Center The Circuit for Horizontal Saccades Involves Premotor Neurons in the Horizontal Gaze Center
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Internuclear Interneurons Yoke Medial Rectus Motoneurons to Lateral Rectus Motoneurons Internuclear Interneurons Yoke Medial Rectus Motoneurons to Lateral Rectus Motoneurons
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Damage to Internuclear Interneuron Axons Is the Pathological Basis of Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia Damage to Internuclear Interneuron Axons Is the Pathological Basis of Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
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Saccades Move Eyes to a New Position and then Maintain that Position Saccades Move Eyes to a New Position and then Maintain that Position
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Specific Regions in the Midbrain and Cerebral Cortex Initiate Saccades Specific Regions in the Midbrain and Cerebral Cortex Initiate Saccades
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Smooth Pursuit Circuits Stabilize a Slowly Moving Target on the Fovea Smooth Pursuit Circuits Stabilize a Slowly Moving Target on the Fovea
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Oculomotor Pathways Are Modulated by Both Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Oculomotor Pathways Are Modulated by Both Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
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Additional Reading Additional Reading
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Cite
Abstract
In addition to serving perception, gaze acts as a powerful social signal and mode of communication. Gaze is altered in several psychiatric diseases and impaired by a variety of central and peripheral lesions. Eye movements that serve to stabilize gaze include the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) and fixation, whereas eye movements that shift gaze include saccades, cancellation of the VOR, and smooth pursuit. The pontine horizontal gaze center and midbrain vertical gaze center connect to extraocular motoneurons and mediate all eye movements. Neural circuits involved in generating the VOR, horizontal saccades and saccade modulation are described in detail. Nystagmus consequent to unilateral labyrinthine damage is explained. Other forms of nystagmus including the optokinetic response are introduced. The role of internuclear interneurons in coordinating horizontal saccades and their failure in internuclear ophthalmalplegia are detailed. Finally, the mechanisms involved in fixation and smooth pursuit are briefly presented.
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