...This chapter investigates Assad's allies, particularly Iran, and their support for the regime. From the beginning of Syria's civil war, Assad's allies were more willing to ensure the regime's survival than those states that wished to hasten its fall. For the first four years, Iran was by far...

...This chapter presents a column published on May 13, 1908, featuring a piece entitled Sani' al-Dowleh's Dream. Mortazā-qoli Sani' al-Dowleh (“Artisan of the state”) had studied mineralogy in Berlin and Brussels, and reportedly had been interested in building a railroad system in Iran from an early...

... even the postage to mail his gift package to Bern. bastinado Switzerland Charand o Parand columns Liakhov Vladimir colonel of Cossacks Ayn al Dowleh Hartwig Nicolai H Russian minister at Tehran Swiss Parliament shah Iran bastinado Charand-o Parand Ali-Akbar Dehkhodā Sur-e Esrāfil Iranian...

... of President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush in the Iran-Contra scandal. Congress U S Decision of 1789 Federal Reserve Board independent counsels special prosecutors Justice Department of Roosevelt Theodore Securities and Exchange Commission SEC subordinate executive officers...

... Esrāfil, which began publication on May 30, 1907, adopted an uncompromising anticolonialist position and routinely exposed the machinations of Western diplomats in Iran, specifically those of Russia and Great Britain. But it reserved its harshest criticisms for the clerical establishment, both the lowest...

... not disqualify one from adding more. Arfa‘ al Dowleh honorifics Karbalā’i Kablāy opium Greece Inek Ali Mulla Cossack Brigade Ephialtes of Trachis Majlis Parliament Mazandaran Europe Europeans Astara Caspian Sea area and culture Imru’ ul Qays honorifics Qajar monarchy bribery Iran Charand-o...

... Mohammad Ali Shah r 1907–9 Mollā Nasreddin periodical Nuri Shaykh Fazlollāh village Iran Constitutional Revolution journalists Shaykh Fazlollāh Nuri Mohammad-Ali Shah Charand-o Parand Ali-Akbar Dehkhodā Sur-e Esrāfil Iranian newspaper columns Several hundred newspapers began publication...

... peasants villagers Arfa‘ al Dowleh Tabriz Egypt Egyptians Iran clerics journalists human liberty religion editorials Charand-o Parand Ali-Akbar Dehkhodā Sur-e Esrāfil Iranian newspaper columns Many clerics of Tehran were outraged by the editorial in issue no. 12, which was devoted...

...This chapter presents Dehkhodās final column before he and his newspaper had to flee Iran. Dehkhodā predicts the June 1908 coup, while maintaining a sense of levity. On June 4 the shah, accompanied by the Cossack Brigade, decamped to his garden Bāgh-e Shāh, outside the city gates. People in Tehran...

... he intervened against Assad earlier, either directly or by heavily backing the armed rebels before radicals took over, the war would have finished sooner. However, given the regional dynamics described in this study, it seems unlikely that Russia and Iran would have ceased support for Assad and his...

... order in which six external protagonists — the United States, Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Qatar — have violently competed for influence, with Syria a key battleground. Drawing on a plethora of original interviews, the book constructs a new narrative of Syria's war. Without absolving...

... principalities in the Ilkhanid territories before discussing the Mongols' new subject dynasties, including the Qutlughkhanids and the Kurtid rulers of Herat. It then examines two contrasting zones in Iran, the south and the north, as well as the obligations imposed by the Mongol conquerors and the advantages...

... much of Iran. This book offers a fresh and fascinating consideration of the years of infidel Mongol rule in Western Asia, drawing from an impressive array of primary sources as well as modern studies to demonstrate how Islam not only survived the savagery of the conquest, but spread throughout...

... to global markets through the construction of transit, infrastructure, and trade linkages have created opportunities for China, Iran, Russia, and Turkey to once again project power and influence into their Eurasian hinterlands in patterns structurally, institutionally, and ideologically shaped...

...This chapter explores how the CIA's Counterterrorist Center (CTC) was established to function as a war room against terrorists, under the leadership of its first director, Duane Clarridge. Though the consequences of the Iran-Contra affair initially tempered the CTC's aggression, the foundations...

... quickly expired. Over two crucial months, July–August 2011, Assad's allies Qatar and Turkey abandoned him, and several western states, led by Barack Obama, called for him to stand aside. Similarly, in what would prove a key dividing line for the coming civil war, Russia and Iran stood by Assad. While...

... categories of sources, most of them in Persian or Arabic. Among them are the works of Muslim observers contemporary with the early Mongol invasions, Muslim historians writing under the pagan Ilkhans, Muslim authors active in Iran following the conversion of the Ilkhans, and Christians from Latin Europe...