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Estimation strategy flowchart. Get access
Published: 17 April 2025
Figure 1.
Estimation strategy flowchart.
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Trends in public pension spending, 1997–2023. Note. Figure 2 illus... Get access
Published: 17 April 2025
Figure 2.
Trends in public pension spending, 1997–2023. Note. Figure 2 illustrates the trend in public pension spending across the OECD economies in our sample, with values on the vertical axis expressed as a percentage of GDP. The mean is represented by the blue line, and variability is shown by shaded are
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Trends in economic policy uncertainty, 1997–2023. Note. Figure 3 d... Get access
Published: 17 April 2025
Figure 3.
Trends in economic policy uncertainty, 1997–2023. Note. Figure 3 displays the trend in the economic policy uncertainty index, where the values on the vertical axis are in absolute terms. The mean is represented by the blue line, and variability is shown by shaded areas corresponding to different s
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Trends in green growth, 1997–2023. Note. Figure 4 depicts the tren... Get access
Published: 17 April 2025
Figure 4.
Trends in green growth, 1997–2023. Note. Figure 4 depicts the trend in green growth, with the vertical axis displaying values in dollars (real GDP in constant 2015 USD) per kilogram of CO 2 emissions. The mean is represented by the blue line, and variability is shown by shaded areas corresponding
Journal Article
Examining the role of economic policy uncertainty and green growth in public pension spending dynamics: evidence from OECD economies Get access
Work, Aging and Retirement, waaf003, https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waaf003
Published: 17 April 2025
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Percentage increase in older migrants (65+) in Western societies between 20...
Published: 26 February 2025
Figure 1.
Percentage increase in older migrants (65+) in Western societies between 2010 and 2022. Sources : For European countries: Eurostat (2023) , for the US: US Census Bureau (2023) , for Canada: Statistics Canada (2013 , 2023 ).
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PRISMA flowchart for the systematic literature search.
Published: 26 February 2025
Figure A1.
PRISMA flowchart for the systematic literature search.
Journal Article
What explains the migrant pension penalty? A systematic review and comprehensive model
Work, Aging and Retirement, waaf002, https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waaf002
Published: 26 February 2025
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A comprehensive model for understanding the migrant pension penalty by the ...
Published: 26 February 2025
Figure 2.
A comprehensive model for understanding the migrant pension penalty by the life-course.
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Average annual elective deferrals/contributions: 1991–2018. Notes: Data com... Get access
Published: 11 February 2025
Figure 1.
Average annual elective deferrals/contributions: 1991–2018. Notes: Data come from the SSA W-2 records linked to RAND-HRS data files and geographic HRS data files from 1991 to 2018. The contribution level is the annual total elective deferrals. Solid line presents the mean value for states with exemp
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Average annual household income, 1992–2018. Notes: Data come from RAND-HRS ... Get access
Published: 11 February 2025
Figure 4.
Average annual household income, 1992–2018. Notes: Data come from RAND-HRS 1992–2018, linked to geographic files from restricted HRS. Total annual pre-tax house income is the sum of income from all sources minus food stamp values. All values are deflated in 2018 dollars and used sample weights. Soli
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Event-study estimation result—contribution (log). Data come from SSA W-2 Re... Get access
Published: 11 February 2025
Figure 7.
Event-study estimation result—contribution (log). Data come from SSA W-2 Records linked to RAND-HRS data, and geographic HRS data files from 1992 to 2018. Outcome: annual contribution amount to retirement saving plans. Each dot and its associated 95% confidence interval comes from the CSDID event-st
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Event-study estimation result—contribution level. Notes: Data come from SSA... Get access
Published: 11 February 2025
Figure 6.
Event-study estimation result—contribution level. Notes: Data come from SSA W-2 Records linked to RAND-HRS data, and geographic HRS data files from 1992 to 2018. Outcome: annual contribution amount to retirement saving plans. Each dot and its associated 95% confidence interval comes from the CSDID e
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Event-study estimation result—contribution. Data come from SSA W-2 Records ... Get access
Published: 11 February 2025
Figure 8.
Event-study estimation result—contribution. Data come from SSA W-2 Records linked to RAND-HRS data, and geographic HRS data files from 1992 to 2018. Outcome: annual contribution amount to retirement saving plans. Each dot and its associated 95% confidence interval comes from the CSDID event-study es
Journal Article
The impact of state income tax breaks on savings and income security in retirement Get access
Work, Aging and Retirement, waaf001, https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waaf001
Published: 11 February 2025
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Average elective deferrals vs. taxable wages, 1991–2018. Note: Data come fr... Get access
Published: 11 February 2025
Figure 2.
Average elective deferrals vs. taxable wages, 1991–2018. Note: Data come from the SSA W-2 records from 1991 to 2018 linked to geographic HRS data files. The solid blue lines illustrate elective deferral (deferred wages into retirement plan accounts), and the dashed blue lines show wages among states
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State retirement income exemption policy timing. Notes: AK, FL, NH, SD, TN,... Get access
Published: 11 February 2025
Figure 3.
State retirement income exemption policy timing. Notes: AK, FL, NH, SD, TN, TX, WA, and WY do not impose state income tax. HI, IL, MS, and PA provide full exemption of retirement income out of state income tax base. The rest of the states offer partial exemption of retirement income. AL is treated a
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Average household retirement income, 1992–2018. Notes: Data come from RAND-... Get access
Published: 11 February 2025
Figure 5.
Average household retirement income, 1992–2018. Notes: Data come from RAND-HRS 1992–2018, linked to geographic files from restricted HRS. Retirement income is the annual sum of income distributed from retirement savings accounts of both respondents and their spouses. Total annual pre-tax house incom
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The rates of monthly and yearly transition to bridge employment across year...
Published: 25 January 2025
Figure 1.
The rates of monthly and yearly transition to bridge employment across years.
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Predicted probabilities of bridge employment for male and female retirees. ...
Published: 25 January 2025
Figure 2.
Predicted probabilities of bridge employment for male and female retirees. Note . This figure presents the predicted probabilities of month‑to‑month transitions to bridge employment with 95% confidence intervals calculated over men and women retiree samples. Although male retirees are consistently
