... and public health. human excrement compost 16 s amplicon manure biosolids microbiome latrines compost toilet soil sustainability Exponential human population growth has profoundly disrupted Earth’s natural cycles, resulting in climate change, biodiversity loss, and widespread pollution...

...Lisa D Zoromski; Randy W DeYoung; John A Goolsby; Aaron M Foley; J Alfonso Ortega-S.; David G Hewitt; Tyler A Campbell; Burton Lim There has never been a formal study focused on nilgai latrine behavior, so the function of latrine use in nilgai is unknown. Latrine use is an important aspect...

...Travis W. King; Roberto Salom-Pérez; Lisa A. Shipley; Howard B. Quigley; Daniel H. Thornton We used video camera-traps (Bushnell TrophyCam HD Max Black, Overland Park, Kansas) triggered by infrared-sensitive motion detectors to monitor the 4 ocelot latrines 24 h per day for a 6-month period...

... pg/well) added to fecal extracts (1:5,000; y = 0.71x + 0.88; R² = 0.99). Assay sensitivity was 2.3 pg/well and intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were < 15%. androgens Diceros bicornis bicornis latrines progestagens scrapings Territorial species...

... form of sanitation technology is the minimum required to protect health. ¹ Simple pit latrines are one of the cheapest forms of sanitation; they consist of a dug-out pit covered with wooden branches and soil, and a squathole allowing for the disposal of faeces. When using a simple pit...

.... Emerson). 13 12 2010 26 4 2011 23 6 2011 2011 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Abstract The SAFE strategy for trachoma control includes Surgery, Antibiotic distribution, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvements, including promotion of latrine construction...

... such as latrine construction in the integrated trachoma control strategy, SAFE. We report a cluster-randomized trial assessing the effect of intensive latrine promotion on emergence of infection with ocular Chlamydia trachomatis after mass treatment with antibiotics. Twenty-four communities in Goncha...

... studies. Conclusions:  A single public health intervention barrier, such as an improved latrine, is only partially effective for household sanitation. For complete sanitation, multiple environmental barriers may be necessary. These barriers occur in a house constructed with easily washable surfaces...

... the remaining KTP surveyed households until 90 households were chosen in each village. In total, 720 households were identified and 678 surveys were completed (95 cases and 583 controls), for a response rate of 94%. Rural sanitation Latrines Trachoma Tanzania Improving access to and use of sanitation...

... (95% CI 13.6-15.1) in Savelugu district of Ghana. Figure 3 The sample population. Table 2 Characteristics of study households and respondents. Table 3 summarises the latrine characteristics of 813 latrines observed in the households surveyed. Over 80% of latrines in Ghana had a roof (of any...

... ). Latrine monitoring and selection of random sites.—We intensively surveyed the entire study area to locate genet latrines. Only sites containing 5 or more scats were classified as latrines. This criterion was more conservative than that considered by Palomares (1993) , who identified latrines...

...Mitchell T. Irwin; Karen E. Samonds; Jean-Luc Raharison; Patricia C. Wright Abstract Latrine behavior, or the preferential, repeated use of 1 or more specific defecation sites, is well known among mammals and believed to function in olfactory communication among individuals or groups in many...

...This chapter discusses how latrines and sewers, like other Roman building types and technologies that became staple features of Roman cities, depicted part of the architecture of Romanization and helped to establish a Roman presence throughout Italy. At the same time, the political motives behind...

... flies and wasps Catalonia Duchy of Governor of Milan latrines and excrement Valenza fortress of garrisons safeconducts and passports Asti fortress of Grison League infantry Richelieu cardinal Savoy duchy of Valtellina Mantua duchy of Palluau count Provence and French Riviera Sault comte...

... questions, such as, “Since water is essential for human settlement, what features of this site provide for that need? And what human interventions were made; that is, what structures were built?” Acropolis Bathing Cistern Dish washing Fittings Geology Impluvium Latrines Maps Olynthus If obscurity...

..., Merges, gave his name to the city. The earliest Sikel settlement was on Cittadella, the easternmost wedge of the ridge, during the archaic period, no later than the sixth century. Aquifers Baths Catacombs Defense Earthquake Fissures Gardens Hospitals Irrigation Latrines The silence of pre...

.... For instance, settling or catchment basins (Figs. 16.2, 16.3) are always associated with pipes or channels to facilitate drainage. The ditch and bench supports for a latrine are frequently associated with a sewer under the street outside the building, but sometimes with a cesspool instead. Agora Alley...

..., bakehouses, barns, granaries and latrines have all been identified in Anglo-Saxon buildings. If most Grubenhäuser possessed suspended floors and could have been as substantial as earthfast buildings, then this has enormous implications for the interpretations of Anglo-Saxon settlements...

... and laid out all at one time. Careful attention was given to the provision and use of water. Acropolis Cave Erosion Gates Ionia Latrines Megara Pattern Rain Sandstone The agora fulfilled a complex role in the life of Greek cities. In Greek agoras, nearly the whole range of public activities...

... of different water-supply systems can be found in the work of the great first century C.E. Roman architect Vitruvius in his De Architectura. Agrippa Bathhouses Cisterns Forica Idolatry Koilia Latrines Mikveh Nymphaeum Palatium It is well known that Erez Yisrael was not blessed with a plentiful supply...