... Central planning The goal of this study is to make progress on understanding the root causes of the famine by providing evidence for the novel hypothesis that the inflexibility of the centrally planned procurement system was an important contributing factor to the famine. Our study proceeds in several...

...Robert M. Sade It is interesting to note that virtually all the proponents of central planning strongly support autonomous decision making by patients in a clinical setting, manifested as the requirement for informed consent. Yet the same scholars deeply oppose autonomous decision making...

... years, mathematical economics was dominated by socialist advocates of central planning. Over time, the mathematical school evolved towards a milder critique, emphasizing the weakness of “free market” assumptions. With an ironic twist, mathematical economics ultimately came to be interpreted as a defense...

... productivity Slovak Republic year of transition establishing composition effects electricity manufacturing prices GDP and private firms central planning market economy reallocation service sector Central Europe employment Kornai J Lilien D OECD countries subsidies labour privatization...

..., history, and cultural background of the five countries, observers envisioned a natural experiment to test the efficacy of differing approaches to the transition from central planning and of the variety of market-based economic systems. However, completion of the essentials of transition by the turn...

... of the development process and are often discussed in contrast to the structural arrangements of the Central Planning era from 1953 to 1978. It also describes the nature of migration in China, which can be long-term, short-term, or circular. Central Planning System in China China eco migration in China...

...This chapter focuses on the appointment of Albert Speer as dictator of the German economy and the Reich Minister of Economics Walther Funk as a member of the Central Planning Board. Both appointments were made by Adolf Hitler as part of a decree he issued on September 2, 1943, which put the Reich...

... in nature; from the political perspective, authoritarian regimes are being replaced by democracies and, from the socio-economic perspective, the systems are being transformed from centrally-planned economies to market economies. This chapter examines the process of post-socialist transformation. It begins...

... Union Stalin Joseph Trade World economy Central planning Cold War Czechoslovakia Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic GDR Integration Reform Socialism Socialist economy Western Europe Bulgaria Dependency European Union Hungary Marshall Plan Poland Romania Socialist...

... Iannaccone Laurence R Stark Rodney Gill Anthony corrupting effects of state on religion monopoly status Smith Adam Sweden church attendance in separation models tradition even-handed Hayek central planning hegemonic end result procedural In the fourth chapter, my aim is to elucidate—through...

...This chapter examines China’s trade policy reforms. China’s trade reform since 1978 has transformed its trading system from a central planning system to a market-oriented system and has significantly reduced trade barriers and relaxed exchange controls, making China one...

... by winning a bloody civil war. Lenin used coercion to impose a centrally planned economic system and a political system that concentrated all power in the hands of the Communists and made liberal use of violence. The multinational state that the Communists created was called the Soviet Union, and it lasted...

... newcomers. Austrians consider free markets as superior to central planning: in terms of information diffusion as well as in terms of incentives for people to work and to save and invest. Finally, Schumpeter is discussed—he does not fit in any of the ‘official’ views, but definitely deserves a place...

... to have instituted a fully-fledged industrial policy based on some form of central planning. The purpose of the policy was to co-ordinate investment decisions both in the public and the private sectors and to seize the “commanding heights” of the economy by bringing certain strategic industries and firms...

...This chapter provides a brief economic history of the transition to a market economy in China. It begins in Section 3.2, with a brief account of the period of central planning. Section 3.3 examines the evolution of rural reform, and Section 3.4 does the same for urban reform. Section 3.5 considers...

... Non Aligned Movement South Korea East Asian ‘Tigers’ semi periphery Eastern Europe as European Union nationalism periphery rural industrialization Communism economic development central planning debt de-internationalization globalization neoliberalism Histories of development most...

... of wartime central planning without prices. Hitler Adolf Road of Life Kantorovich Leonid Leningrad University railroad systems Ice Road Lake Lagoda Keynes John Maynard Lend Lease Program Influenza Epidemic 1918 Kerensky Alexander Lenin Vladimir Russian Civil War World War I Feldman Grigory...

..., are inconsistent and therefore a priori incapable of being fulfilled in their totality. Construction of plans which 42 cannot be fulfilled as a whole may be called the ‘planning paradox’ of the centrally planned economies. ⁷ Theoretically the solution to this problem could be found...

... ‘yes’, proposing what he regarded as a practical solution to the problem of finding the appropriate prices: a trial‐and‐error empirical procedure conducted by the central planning authority. This is what the concept which became known as the ‘market socialist’ (Lange himself rarely used the term...

... Mechanism’ survived, albeit not in the initial form of combining central planning with elements of market mechanism. The Hungarian NEM improved somewhat the economic performance, but in fundamentals, it also failed, becoming reduced to a shift from direct bureaucratic control to indirect control from...