.... The political history of this era began with a series of conflicts between Rome and the Sasanians, caused by the question of Rome's tribute to Persia. The Roman Near East was occupied twice in the 7th century. This period of political disruption notably did not affect the development of churches or the Syriac...

...This chapter follows the possibility of long-distance overland trade with central Asia of Roman Near East's caravan cities: Petra, Gerasa, Palmyra, and Dura-Europos. It draws on the Greek text Periplus Maris Erythraei (Voyage Around the Red Sea), which provides understanding...

... the combination — or alternation — of co-existence and hostility between Christians and Jews. After providing a background on the Roman Near East, the chapter analyses the language that Jews possibly used in daily life, and whether pagans of the Roman Near East spoke Aramaic. It then examines documentary evidence...

... salutatio Severans urbanization accommodation to Rome Roman Galilee patriarch Graeco-Roman culture Roman Near East In the first part of this study, Jewish wisdom literature was presented as the Semitic literary backdrop to the creation of rabbinic wisdom sayings and the editing...

... synagogue mosaics Tiberias mosaic Jewish classical Near East Graeco-Roman Levant Hellenistic Near East Khazneh at Petra Palmyrene portraits Petra Roman Near East Dionysias/Si’a (Suweida) Syria Tel Dor mosaic this essay addresses the Graeco-Roman Levant (also referred to as the classical...

...The Severan dynasty, established by Septimius Severus in a civil war, instituted a number of administrative measures that would have a profound transformative effect on the empire and the Roman Near East. With the promotion to colonial status of cities that had supported his bid for empire...

... Pilgrimage Resafa Sergius saint Aelia Capitolina Bible Church of the Holy Sepulchre Helena Jesus of Nazareth Vespasian Transport networks Holy Land Roman Near East Tetrarchy Constantine I Holy Land administration Diocletian provinces Notitia dignitatum eastern border Roman army...

...This chapter studies the role of Latin in epigraphic texts of the Roman Near East. Focusing on the epigraphic record of Palmyra, it considers three aspects that illustrate the complexity of the role of Latin in the Near East: (1) the evolution of the political community towards the model...

...-century Palmyra, her marriage to Odainath, her guardianship of her son Wahballath, and her governance of the Roman Near East, all against the backdrop of the rise and fall of Palmyra as an imperial power. Gallienus Historia Augusta propaganda Zenobia Antiochus father of Zenobia coinage Dexippus...

... century c.e., however, lunar calendars became the norm throughout the Jewish world. This stands in contrast with the development of non‐Jewish calendars in the Roman Empire, and especially in the Roman Near East: after the arrival of the Romans, the lunar, Seleucid calendar was generally...

... hybridization métissage perception v third spaces v Catlos Brian cultural brokers transcultural connectivity Roman Near East Arabic-Islamic expansion Christians under Muslim rule Latin-Christian expansion Muslims under Christian rule diplomacy trade migration military confrontation Arabic...

...This chapter explores aspects of ethnicity, religion, and language in the Roman Near East through Greek and Latin literary works and inscriptions. It considers the period from Constantine's acquisition of the eastern provinces to the Council of Chalcedon. The chapter also examines the identity...

...This chapter examines the pronounced variations in the expression of biblical monotheism found in commentaries written in the Roman Near East during the fourth and fifth centuries. In particular, it looks at a number of biblical commentaries composed in four different languages and four different...

... and Judaism in Palestine, and the Jewish diaspora in the Roman Near East. ‘Arabs’ Aramaic Christians gentiles Greek Jews pagans Palestine Samaritans ‘Saracens’ Syriac Aelia Capitolina Babylonia Caesarea cities diasporas Hadrian Emperor Hebrew Herod the Great Latin Scythopolis Beth Shean...

...This epilogue examines various strands of social history, religious affiliation and language in the Roman Near East in relation to the beginning of Muhammad's preaching in about 610. Muhammad was born, probably in about 570, in Mecca, where he began to receive divinely inspired messages in Arabic...

...This book explores the way in which different ethnic, religious and linguistic communities co-existed and conflicted in the Roman Near East in the three centuries between the conversion of the Emperor Constantine to Christianity in 312 and the beginning of Muhammad's preaching in about 610...