... the escalating hostility between the two superpowers from moving to outer space. Their cooperation eventually led to the signing of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, the treaty that forms the basis of international space law. The treaty prohibits states from placing weapons of mass destruction in orbit of Earth...

... of the various chapters in the volume. Finally, it ends by reflecting on the core takeaways that these contributions lead to. Space security IR theory Outer Space Treaty state-centric analytical eclecticism great power competition The driving questions in international relations (IR) theory are about why...

... and the identification of customary international law. space law Outer Space Treaty Moon Treaty mega-constellation antisatellite weapon space mining State silence acquiescence customary international law treaty interpretation The international legal regime of outer space has unique characteristics that make...

... culminated in the turning point Sputnik represented for geopolitics, science, and space norms formation. A transnational space science community arose, while a process of superpower Cold War diplomacy at the United Nations and outside it arrived at understandings amplified in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty...

... that the Outer Space Treaty contains, in addition to its legal content, ethical content. The chapter then analyzes the text of the treaty to reveal this ethical content and connect it to the twin goals of the peaceful uses of outer space (found in international space law) and the maintenance of international...

... realm. The authority of the foundational Outer Space Treaty of 1967, with its stipulation that space is to be used for “peaceful purposes,” is being eroded by neglect and unilateral assertions that space is a domain for “warfighting.” The champions of space peace will have to become as active...

..., such as direct-ascent anti-satellite weapons (DA-ASAT), electronic warfare, directed energy, and cyber, to deceive, disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy rival space systems. The Outer Space Treaty prohibits states from placing weapons of mass destruction into orbit around the Earth, install such weapons...

... are required in regulating space activities.5 This resulted in the second phase of the development of space law in the form of binding treaties, starting with the Outer Space Treaty 1967. The subsequent years witnessed the development of four more international treaties relating to activities in outer space...

... guidelines. The feedbacks and virtuous cycles between national, regional, and international norm-making processes can hopefully enhance space security, with emerging Space Traffic Management (STM) rules and guidelines. peaceful use Outer Space Treaty ASAT FOBS ENMOD Convention HCOC Responsible...

.... The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 celebrated its fifty-year anniversary in 2017, making those legal considerations especially appropriate. Whether further legal, even ‘soft law” approaches to optimizing the U.S. use of space, or whether preparing for what some consider “inevitable” space war should prevail...

... in that no grouping of states is an island, and the introduction of nuclear weapons into the zone from outside may be difficult to insure against. This chapter also looks at three non-armament treaties: the Antarctic Treaty, the Outer Space Treaty, and the Seabed Treaty. Finally, it discusses nuclear-free zones under...

... Base on the Moon) could be preserved. The authors also discuss the concept of cultural landscape as a mechanism that is gaining recognition among other types of historic preservation efforts, being made by the likes of the UN Convention, NASA Guidelines, XPrize, and the Outer Space Treaty, and how...

... implement the recommendations. multilateral Outer Space Treaty OST arms race in space Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space COPUOS Group of Government Experts GGE international outer space Prevention of an Arms Race in Space PAROS space security United Nations Group of Governmental Experts...

... international Moon Moon Agreement multilateral nuclear weapons United Nations Charter force outer space Outer Space Treaty OST security treaties weaponization Earth orbit nuclear orbit weapons India kinetic People’s Republic of China PRC Antarctic Treaty Conference on Disarmament CD Treaty...

... approaches. Its ladder includes superpower arms control, space cooperation and satellites for information, science, and Earth habitability. It supports strengthening the Outer Space Treaty, currently under assault. It fears space debris degrading orbital space. It anticipates viewing Earth from space...

... of this domain was conducted for peaceful purposes. Against this backdrop, the negotiations underlying the drafting of the Magna Carta of outer space—the Outer Space Treaty—demonstrate how these two world powers set aside various political differences in order to reach a legal compromise for the benefit...

... is part of the global commons, open for use by all but, in general, not subject to property rights. However, rights in orbits are allocated by the International Telecommunication Union under international law. Moreover, the Outer Space Treaty implies that de facto property rights might arise...

... and asteroidal water from being wasted on projects that benefit only the already fortunate. It argues that scientific uses of space and its resources should be prioritized. asteroids lunar resources Outer Space Treaty space science duty to improve human well being space development Cooper Lawrence Hickman...

... and use General Assembly GA Johnson Lyndon B Moon Outer Space Treaty OST United States outer space security United Nations Charter international Earth orbit ethical approaches exclusion zone orbit Sputnik 1 Tallinn Manual weapons Harvard Manual San Remo Manual zone treaties Iran...

... in the 1950s and early 1960s. space law Outer Space Treaty World Space Agency use of space for peaceful purposes disarmament treaty verification international law We could fill books with problems of fundamental importance to the human race which can only be solved by spaceflight, more easily...