Vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia after 10 years of haemodialysis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis Open Access

Dear Editor, Higher disease activity of RA in a patient on haemodialysis can contribute to the vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia. Mineral abnormalities related to renal osteodystrophy are common in patients on long-term haemodialysis [1]. The gold standard for diagnosing renal osteodystrophy is bone histomorphometric analysis [2]. Intractable bone lesions in haemodialysis patients are diverse and multifactorial, but detailed evaluation by bone biopsy can help determine the best treatment. Osteomalacia is a common bone disease in haemodialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency [3, 4]; however, few reports have been published on the pathogenesis of vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia in these patients. Here, we describe a case of vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia due to higher disease activity of RA in a patient on haemodialysis.

A 61-year-old Japanese woman who had been on haemodialysis for 10 years was admitted to our hospital for further examination of generalized bone pain. She developed RA at the age of 30 but had no family history of RA. At age 51 years, IgA nephropathy was diagnosed by kidney biopsy and maintenance dialysis was started. Since diagnosis, her RA had been treated only with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but at age 58 years the RA disease activity gradually worsened and the TNF-α inhibitor etanercept was started at a dose of 50 mg weekly. Disease activity did not subsequently decrease, so prednisolone (5 mg/day) was added. Secondary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed and normalized by treatment with the active vitamin D₃ derivative alfacalcidol (0.5 μg/day) and cinacalcet hydrochloride (25 mg/day), but the bone pain did not subside. The bone pain suddenly became severe without any precipitating cause (Supplementary Fig. S1, available at Rheumatology online), so the patient was admitted to our hospital for further evaluation.

Blood levels of relevant factors were as follows: calcium, 8.5 mg/dl; phosphate, 5.6 mg/dl; alkaline phosphatase, 511 IU/ml (ref, 117 to 350 IU/ml); intact parathyroid hormone, 102 pg/ml (ref, 25 to 117 pg/ml); 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D_3, 45.6 pg/ml (ref, 20 to 60 pg/ml); CRP, 2.3 mg/dl (ref, <0.14 mg/dl); rheumatoid factor, 2 IU/ml (ref, <10 IU/ml); and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, 72 U/ml (ref, <4.5 U/ml). The Disease Activity Score with CRP was 4.5. Bone scintigraphy with ^99mTc-labelled methylene diphosphonate showed intense uptake in multiple regions; these findings are characteristic of systemic bone disease including osteomalacia (Supplementary Fig. S2, available at Rheumatology online).

Histomorphometric analysis of the right iliac bone was performed at the Ito Bone Science Institute (Niigata, Japan) according to the previously described method [3, 4]. Tetracycline double labelling was performed with 200 mg/day doxycycline (with a schedule of 3 days on, 10 days off, 3 days on, 17 days off). In cancellous bone (Supplementary Fig. S3, available at Rheumatology online), all osteoid markers were higher than the age-matched reference range described by Recker et al. [5]. No binding of tetracycline was detected after double labelling (Fig. 1A and B). Osteomalacia was diagnosed according to Sherrard’s classification of renal osteodystrophy [6] because the fibrous tissue volume to total volume ratio was 0.03% (<0.5% required for diagnosis) and the osteoid volume to total bone volume of mineralized and unmineralized bone ratio was 27.5% (>15% required for diagnosis).

Fig. 1

Bone biopsy

(A) Low-power field: in cancellous bone, the bone volume, trabecular thickness and trabecular connectivity were within the age-matched reference range. Thinning and porosis of the cortical bone was the main finding, but extension of the bone marrow cavity into the cortical bone was also observed. (B) High-power field of cancellous bone: the figure shows an enlargement of the square area. Natural microscopy: the dark blue colour indicates the osteoid area. The ratio of fibrous tissue volume to total volume was 0.03% (<0.5% required for diagnosis). Fluorescent microscopy: the red color indicates the osteoid area; the orange color, the area with low mineralization; and the yellow-green color, the mineralized area. The ratio of osteoid volume to total bone volume of mineralized and unmineralized bone was 27.5% (>15% required for diagnosis). The result of tetracycline double labeling was negative. Polarization microscopy: the mixture of lamellar bone and woven bone is shown.

Open in new tabDownload slide

Because the patient’s serum 1,25(OH)2 D₃ level was maintained within the reference range by administration of an active vitamin D₃ derivative, poor control of the RA disease activity was considered to be the most likely cause of the vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia. Therefore, etanercept was discontinued and treatment was started with the anti-IL-6 inhibitor tocilizumab at a dose of 162 mg every other week. The disease activity of RA subsided and was maintained in long-term remission. After 12 months, the severe bone pain subsided and ALP turned gradually to within the reference range. At the time of writing this article, the patient continues to do well (Supplementary Fig. S1, available at Rheumatology online).

Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disease characterized by defective mineralization of the osteoid matrix and accumulation of unmineralized bone. The causes of osteomalacia include abnormal vitamin D metabolism, abnormal mineralization, and hypophosphataemia. In dialysis patients, osteomalacia was reported to occur because of aluminium toxicity and vitamin D deficiency [3, 4]. To our knowledge, only one article has reported on the relationship between RA and osteomalacia, and the authors suggested that poor dietary intake may be a causative factor [7]. This paper was published in the 1980s, and we are not aware of any subsequent reports of osteomalacia in dialysis patients with RA.

In conclusion, we describe a patient with RA on long-term haemodialysis in whom osteomalacia was determined as the cause of bone lesions, despite adequate administration of an active vitamin D₃ derivative. The clinical course of this case indicated that the inflammatory factors associated with RA contributed to the vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia because, after treatment was changed from a TNF-α to an IL-6 inhibitor, the bone pain and ALP levels improved and RA disease activity subsided.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Mrs Akemi Ito (Ito Bone Science Institute, Niigata, Japan) for performing the bone histomorphometric analyses. Y.U. analysed and interpreted the patient data regarding the hematological disease and bone histomorphometry. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its revisions and was approved by KKR Toranomon Hospital Certified Review Board (approval number: 1633). This patient gave written informed consent. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients’ family for publication of the case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the signed consent form is available for review by the Editor of this journal.

Funding: No specific funding was received from any bodies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors to carry out the work described in this article.

Disclosure statement: All authors declare no competing financial interests and no conflicts of interest.

Data availability statement

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

Supplementary data

Supplementary data are available at Rheumatology online .

References

Author notes