...This chapter extols the virtues of bargaining, tension, and conflict as means to experiment and compromise—without leading to false consensus or conformity. Whereas much of social theory sees conflict and instability as debilitating, Hirschman spotlights their necessary strengths...

... were financed primarily by domestic savings, even though as per capita incomes continued to rise after 1980, the savings rate did not rise. The growing dependence on short-term foreign capital inflows caused a significant increase in macroeconomic instability. The fluctuations in short-term movements...

...This chapter explores how the possession of true beliefs for a brief duration can (or cannot) be counted as knowledge. In everyday situations, if one has true but unstable beliefs and is unaware of the source of the instability, this gap in one's information can be used to explain why one lacks...

... political instability at the top of the hierarchy. It also raises an important problem in going from correlation to causation—the identification problem. As a result, economists propose an identification strategy to suggest how Roman inflation got its start in the late second century. The chapter also shows...

...This chapter explores Russia's rapid recovery from the strains of revolution and war, and the impact of its return to war in 1914. It argues that this interrevolutionary rally is a striking and curious phenomenon that flies in the face of existing theories that suggest political instability...

...This chapter discusses double-diffusive convection, with a particular focus on the initial instability and eventual nonlinear evolution. It first considers the “salt-fingering” instability and then the “semiconvection” instability before discussing the possibility that the onsets...

..., but it also enabled rulers to bypass critical stages in institution building and political development. This book reveals how easy access to foreign lending at early stages of state building has led to chronic fiscal instability and weakened state capacity in the developing world. Drawing on a wealth...

... of religious authority and political instability. At their root lay the new science, from Descartes to Newton and Leibniz. All elevated mathematics as one key to the acquisition of all knowledge, as a way forward in both philosophy and empirical studies. Leibniz's impact was greatest in Germany and his...

...This chapter examines the role of stability and determinism in physical theories such as statistical mechanics. In the physical sciences, the notions of stability and instability, no longer camouflaged in the language of necessity and contingency, are often used in a variety of contexts, from chaos...

... and interest group politics to bolster their institutional unity and achieve clear policy victories. Historically, battles over price instability emerged along the class lines created by an industrial political economy—they pitted the interests of workers against those of employers, or labor against capital...

... the stability problem by presenting examples that illustrate how humans cause ecological instability and ecosystem collapse. It concludes with an overview of the book's proposed theory about food webs and ecosystems that can help elucidate the ways that perturbations (such as human impact) ought to influence...

... organizations, while the other political outcome involves the remittances boosting the democratic changes of a dictatorial regime. Additionally, remittances have influenced protests, voting, opposition parties, democratization, and autocratic instability. As remittances supported finance opposition mobilization...

...This chapter explores how the very evident departures from Albert Einstein's homogeneity—stars in galaxies in groups and clusters of galaxies—might have formed in an expanding universe. In the established cosmology, cosmic structure formed by the gravitational instability of the relativistic...

... under threat from a combination of feckless foreign governments and political instability. Under pressure from a coalition of direct investors in tropical enterprises and creditors to Latin American governments, Theodore Roosevelt used instability in the Dominican Republic to proclaim a de facto...

... instability that began in 830, which was then made permanent by the civil war that followed the death of Louis the Pious in 840 and the division of the empire between his sons in 843. The chapter also considers the challenges of Carolingian relations with Spain in this period. Córdoba Muḥammad I emir relics...

.... This disproved the ergodic hypothesis and forced reconsideration of the problem. For autonomous nearly integrable systems of two degrees or time-periodic systems of one and a half degrees of freedom, the KAM invariant tori divide the phase space. These invariant tori forbid large scale instability. When...

... contributions to literary history. The cold war exacerbated political instability throughout the global south as wars of liberation, resistance to foreign occupation, and civil wars proliferated superpower involvement. The chapter talks about jailing intellectuals that encouraged writers to see themselves...

..., all periods (T) and time lags (τ) are indicated in the same time units, decades. Table 8.2 Coefficients of determination in models fitted to population rate of change and political instability index. Response variable Period 200 b.c.e.–430...

..., those pathologies subvert the normative legitimacy of democratic outcomes. Because voting is an essential component of any democratic institutional arrangement in any large, heterogeneous, complex society, the systematic instability and ambiguity that social choice theorists establish raises serious...

... than Washington does. The United States is the largest debtor in the world, and contrary to any claims of hegemony, is now a great source of economic instability. custodianship Kindleberger Charles liberalism realism China Soviet Union USSR terrorism public opinion Taiwan Republic of China...