... have been classified according to their function and their phenotype into cell types, such as striped and smooth muscle cells, neurons and glial cells. The chapter discusses the developmental genetics of cell types and reviews examples showing that cell type identity is subscribed by gene regulatory...

... of evolutionary novelties. The chapter begins with a discussion of the uniqueness of flowers and the evolution of phylogeny and flower characters in angiosperms. It then examines the genetics of canonical flower development, along with the developmental genetic architecture of the flower Bauplan...

...This chapter examines the field of population genetics as an approach to the origin of the Jews. Most historians study the past by focusing on the period of time that can be documented by textual sources, the past 4,000 years or so. In the past few years, a new form of primordialism has emerged...

...This chapter discusses the linguistic, genetic, and cultural aspects of a society or a nation. These aspects are often correlated, since all three are closely linked not only to nature but also to learning and history, that is, nurture. One can therefore wonder when it is appropriate to choose one...

...This chapter takes a look at genetics and its role in the study of ancient history. Genetics is the study of inheritance, and DNA variation is the essence of heredity. DNA sequence differences underpin genetics overall and population genetics is the study of such diversity in populations and how...

... theory. It also provided the key in biology to the quantitative study of heredity, leading eventually to what is now the most purely statistical of the natural sciences, quantitative genetics. Beyond its importance for particular natural and social sciences, however, the new understanding of the error...

... status, diet, disease, working conditions, and migration. There is an in-depth analysis of trends in human body height, a marker of general well-being. The book also assesses the contribution of genetics to our understanding of the past, demonstrating how ancient DNA is used to track infectious diseases...

... persistent and what must be done to fight it. Treating TB and its human hosts as dynamic, interacting populations, the book seeks new answers to key questions by drawing on demography, ecology, epidemiology, evolution, and population genetics. It uses simple mathematical models to investigate how cases...

... selection. The chapter first describes the general Price equation before discussing its use to understand genetic selection. It then shows how the Price equation can be used to derive two classical results from population and quantitative genetics: Fisher's “fundamental theorem of natural selection...

...This chapter focuses on common empirical methods for studying the genetics of adaptation: quantitative genetics, quantitative trait locus (QTL) linkage mapping, association mapping, genome scans, gene expression, and candidate genes. It addresses various aspects of adaptation, speciation, and eco...

... on the recent past. The chapter then explores some insights on Africa's place in the context of global interdependence and inequality, bringing to the fore the realities the Senegalese face from a political and economic standpoint. Finally, the chapter looks at the scope of African genetics and anthropology...

...This chapter tells the story of two parent groups, the Cure Autism Now Foundation (CAN) and the National Alliance for Autism Research (NAAR), and their efforts to promote genetic research on autism. Genetics provides an effective vocabulary for expressing responsibilities and experiences...

...This chapter examines the molecular genetics of evolutionary novelties. In particular, it investigates which molecular mechanisms might be involved in the origination of novel gene regulatory networks (and, thus, character identity networks) and what these mechanisms imply for the origin of novel...

...This chapter presents a genetic theory of homology that addresses the most challenging problem when attempting to explain character identity; namely, unquestionable homologies (that is, character identities across species) are often associated with extensive variations in the developmental pathways...

...This book has argued for the reality of a class of biological entities that have a hard time finding their place in a theory of evolution based on genetics and population biology. These entities, or developmental types, include cell types, homologs, and body plans. The book has also provided...

...This chapter examines the geographical distribution of resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their time trends. Apart from drug resistance, there are plenty of other main questions about M. tuberculosis population genetics. To combat epidemics of drug...

...Table 10.1. Proportion of variation in mate preferences accounted by additive (A) and nonadditive (D) genetic influences; A is narrow-sense heritability and D is broad-sense heritability. C is the proportion of variance attributed to a shared environment and E is the error term...

... of the various approaches that have been applied to the question, including genealogy, archaeology, psychology, sociology, linguistics, and genetics. It also considers why ascertaining an origin for the Jews has proved problematic, noting the difficulty of defining what we mean by the Jews and the difficulty...

...This chapter recounts the growth of genetics and later genomics that led to major advances, including those related to systematic animal breeding led by knowledge of population genetics. It looks at some of the most fundamental studies on the genetic basis of phenotypic divergence that are being...

...This chapter develops a basic evolutionary impact assessment of fishing. It does so by combining the size-based theory developed in chapters 3 and 4 with classic quantitative genetics. The impact assessment estimated the selection responses resulting from size-selective fishing on three main life...