
Contents
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Approaches Approaches
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Genetics and genomics in nature Genetics and genomics in nature
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Question 1: How much Genetic Variation is out There? Question 1: How much Genetic Variation is out There?
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Question 2: What about Nonadditive Effects? Question 2: What about Nonadditive Effects?
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Question 3: Many Small or Few Large? Question 3: Many Small or Few Large?
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Question 4: What is the Distribution of Effect Sizes? Question 4: What is the Distribution of Effect Sizes?
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Question 5: How Repeatable is Genetic Divergence? Question 5: How Repeatable is Genetic Divergence?
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Question 6: Standing Genetic Variation or New Mutations? Question 6: Standing Genetic Variation or New Mutations?
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Question 7: What do Adaptive Walks Look Like? Question 7: What do Adaptive Walks Look Like?
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Question 8: Are the Genetic Changes Regulatory or Structural? Question 8: Are the Genetic Changes Regulatory or Structural?
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Question 9: How Heritable are Ecological Effects? Question 9: How Heritable are Ecological Effects?
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Conclusions, significance, and implications Conclusions, significance, and implications
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Cite
Abstract
This chapter focuses on common empirical methods for studying the genetics of adaptation: quantitative genetics, quantitative trait locus (QTL) linkage mapping, association mapping, genome scans, gene expression, and candidate genes. It addresses various aspects of adaptation, speciation, and eco-evolutionary dynamics. The key questions include examining how much additive genetic variation exists in fitness-related traits, to what extent nonadditive genetic variation (dominance and epistasis) influences phenotypic variation, how many loci are involved in adaptation and how large their effects are, to what extent the adaptation of independent populations to similar environments involves parallel/convergent genetic changes, whether adaptation to changing environments is driven mainly by new mutations or by standing genetic variation, and to what extent the ecological effects of individuals transmitted among generations are.
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