... that the whole effort could not succeed without a German military contribution. So if the NATO allies wanted the American troops, they would have to accept the idea of German rearmament. The goal here was to test a particular interpretation of what happened in the late summer of 1950. According...

...This chapter describes NATO: how the organization works, how its origins give its members latitude to influence their contingents, and how the commanders of its multilateral efforts cope with the challenges of multilateral contingents. As caveats, red cards, phone calls, and other techniques...

...This chapter looks at two countries, Australia and New Zealand, that are partners with but not members of NATO. Australia and New Zealand have British-style political institutions, with the key decisions made by the prime minister and his or her minister of defense. The chapter then assesses...

... option from which to choose when deciding whether and how to intervene. The experiences of Afghanistan and Libya show that while there may be other outlets for multilateral military operations, NATO, despite its limitations, is almost always the preferred intervention forum for its member states...

... plans for East Germany. Close cooperation between Kohl and the Bush administration ensued—which involved the chancellor and his aides making repeated trips to the States in spring and summer 1990, often just weeks apart—with the mission of finding ways to convince their NATO allies to make reform...

... government structures and party politics in NATO countries shape how battles are waged in the field. Drawing on more than 250 interviews with senior officials from around the world, the book finds that domestic constraints in presidential and single-party parliamentary systems—in countries such as the United...

... stumbling, found its way into NATO and the European Union. The three postcommunist states suggest very different experiences of building democratic armies. No postcommunist country had fewer major problems in establishing democratic civil–military relations than Slovenia, even though it had to create a new...

...This afterword focuses on the NATO expansion. NATO's future formed a key part of the negotiations on German unification. In early February 1990, James A. Baker III, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, and Helmut Kohl all discussed with Mikhail Gorbachev the prospect that if he allowed Germany to unify, NATO...

...This chapter focuses on a document formally adopted by the NATO Council in December 1954, called MC 48, a report by the Alliance's Military Committee on “The Most Effective Pattern of NATO Military Strength for the Next Few Years.” In approving this document, the Council authorized the military...

...This introductory chapter demonstrates that operating in a multilateral military effort is challenging. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) would be more effective if every contingent had no politically imposed restrictions, but that is not to say that the alliance or any multilateral effort...

... their war compared to many of the other countries: agent selection and incentives. Because the United States led an ad hoc effort (Operation Enduring Freedom) and only later became the leader of the NATO effort, the primary means of control was leadership selection and termination. The chapter then turns...

... extending them eastward. This institutional-transfer model had the advantage of being quick, and dealing in known and successful commodities, such as the West German Basic Law, the West German currency (or DM), and the Article 5 mutual defense guarantee of NATO, to name a few. Indeed, the fact that both...

...This chapter explores the 2011 intervention in Libya, a conflict begun as a coalition of the willing that later evolved into a NATO intervention. Many of the same dynamics appeared in Libya as occurred in Afghanistan. Presidential and majoritarian parliamentary governments had wide discretion...

... Greece Middle East Soviet Union Truman Doctrine Turkey War Planning air power stressed in Acheson Dean Mark Eduard national security North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO threat perception Truman Harry S Ardahan Turkey Churchill Winston S Dardanelles Durbrow Elbridge Henderson Loy W...

... then assesses the influence of international organizations, particularly NATO, on the democratization of the three states and their defense establishments. Caetano Marcelo Ghana military regimes Pakistan Portugal Portuguese Armed Forces Schmitter Philippe Spain Spanish Civil War European Coal and Steel...

... in favorable policy orientations in other states. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) expansion, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) all contain elements of this thinking. American officials calculated that bringing newly reforming countries...

... describes how Germany unified, NATO expansion began, and Russia got left on the periphery of the new Europe. Chapters cover changes in the Summer and Autumn of 1989, including the stepping back of Americans and rise in East German's confidence; the restoration of the rights of the Four Powers, including...