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By the end of the twentieth century America was the object of French fascination, anxiety, and scorn. If the New World had been observed by the French since Jacques Cartier’s explorations of the St. Lawrence River in the 1530s, it was not until over four hundred years later that America became the foil for national identity. By the 1980s America had become the standard by which the French measured their progress or decline. Success in foreign affairs meant acting as the partner of the United States yet keeping a comfortable distance and counterbalancing the U.S. government’s hegemony. The “good society” was defined by rejecting mainstream American notions of work and leisure. Similarly, a modern economy did not imitate the “wild capitalism” of the United States; if some borrowing of American practice was necessary, it had to be adapted or repackaged as French. And culture, the nation’s pride, needed to be protected against the onslaught of Hollywood movies, American English, and fast food. Viewed from France, the United States was engaged in a transatlantic competition whose stakes were national identity, independence, and prestige. Viewed from the United States, France was of little account except when it got in the way. It was an asymmetrical rivalry.
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