... and the problem of missing archival records. By turning to French shipping records, the essay outlines the difficulty of documenting contraband and illicit activities, and draws connections between neutrality disagreements, early nineteenth century U.S.-French commerce, slavery, and the War of 1812. The essay...

... these transnational options to flee forced removal by the U.S. government. Similarly, indigenized French, individuals who were the products of over a century of integration into Native communities, were migrating away from these communities as British Indian agents attempted to protect indigenous homelands...

... Bowd Gavin Clayton Daniel Ecology Landscapes Malaria prevention and treatment Michelin Company Pasteur Institute malaria and Rubber plantation worker health malaria and Anthropology Biology Cambodia Chinese French colonial rule Khmer peoples Métis Métissage Race mixing Racism Rubber...

... Illinois. Only by personally leading a counterattack could Hapeman save his flank just before reinforcements arrived to help him drive the Confederates away. On the far left of Hood's line, Samuel G. French's Division advanced two brigades toward the Fourteenth Corps line, to Reynolds' left, but they made...

... Joe Randall Patrick Clark black chefs French cuisine Brazil Freetown diaspora quail benne seed Vertamae Smart-Grosvenor Scott Alves Barton My essay is in three acts. It serves to honor the life’s work of Edna Lewis, contextualize her as a culinary icon of the African diaspora, recognize her...

...In early America, French and Indians communicated more by doing than saying. This chapter focuses on sixteenth-century encounters and the signs that mediated them, as foundational in shaping lasting mutual perceptions and expectations among the groups in colonial America. While acknowledging...

...This chapter discusses the basic rules and machinery governing the jury during the eras of the French Revolution and Napoleon. It notes that the institution was introduced in a wave of Enlightenment-inspired enthusiasm and optimism about the capacity of citizen judges (who expressed the sovereignty...

... French relatives and suffered a major defeat when Havana fell in 1762. The Treaty of Paris ended the war in 1763 and resulted in territorial realignments in North America. France was forced to give Canada to Britain, and Spain relinquished the Floridas to secure the return of Havana. In compensation...

...This chapter discusses the most celebrated goal of early modern French, British, and Anglo-American western exploration—to find some kind of Northwest Passage to the Pacific. French scouts looking for a river route to the South Sea pushed west of lakes Superior and Winnipeg in the 1730s, 1740s...

...This chapter argues that the antecedents to direct French trade with Peru and Chile in the first decades of the eighteenth century lay in the last three decades of the seventeenth. From the 1670s to the early 1690s, simultaneously pushed by imperial efforts to curtail Caribbean piracy and pulled...

...This chapter shows how eighteenth-century French surveyors triangulated their way across France and China. A French geographer trod the forests of Siberia and sailed the waters of the North Pacific. His brother collected in Saint Petersburg and dispatched to Paris maps of an empire spanning...

...This chapter illustrates the manner in which British explorers, promoters, and officials sought ways to overcome the physical and diplomatic barriers to British Pacific navigation. French officials observed these British efforts and contemplated their implications. The question raised was how...

...The tension between antislavery sentiment in France and an expanding demand for enslaved laborers in its colonies profoundly shaped the culture and practice of slavery in the seventeenth-century French Atlantic. Unlike the Indians they would encounter in the Pays d'en Haut, the French drew a sharp...

...This chapter discusses how Indians employed the Indian slave trade to shape the contours of the alliance even as it limited French options. As French colonizers sought to enlarge their influence in the West, they embraced an ever-expanding number of Indians as commercial and military partners...

...This chapter focuses on Giovanni da Verrazano, an Italian explorer in the service of the French king. Da Verrazano became the first European to view the southern tip of the Outer Banks. He painted a romantic picture of the tall sweeping grasses and majestic evergreens of Bogue Banks, the twenty...

...This chapter examines the role of Spanish Santo Domingo in the early years of the Haitian Revolution, focusing principally on the advent of emancipation in French Saint-Domingue in the summer and fall of 1793. The chapter argues that critical events of this period in Saint-Domingue...

... a condition of servitude. This chapter discusses self-purchase and manumission in Iberian America and the prohibition of manumission in British and Dutch America, as well as The Code Noir and restrictions on emancipation in French America. In every slave society, armies and navies historically employed...

... abolished, slaves, whether Africans or creoles, plantation or mine workers, artisans or servants, continued to use flight as a way to gain their freedom. In Brazil and Spain's former colonies, the opportunities to do so varied considerably. In the French colonies, authorities adapted to the presence...

...Chapter 4 investigates Dutch, English, and French smugglers who traded with Venezuelan subjects. Historians know very little about the social composition and trading methods of early modern smugglers. An in-depth analysis of hundreds of cases finds that these enigmatic figures came mostly from...

...This chapter shows that, by July 1759, more than sixty Catawba warriors were on their way north to help His Majesty's forces fight the French. Closer to home, Hagler and twenty-three others traveled through South Carolina on something of a goodwill tour, lobbying their friends for supplies...