Search
Close
Search
Advanced Search
Search Menu
AI Discovery Assistant

SENCOVAC is a prospective multicentric study promoted by the Spanish Society of Nephrology (S.E.N.), which included four cohorts of adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD): kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), haemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD) and non-dialysis (ND)-CKD patients [glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <30 mL/min/1.73 m2] [1]. Participants were immunized with locally available vaccines [BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech®), mRNA-1273 (Moderna®), ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca®) or Ad26.COV.2 (Janssen®)] prescribed by regional health authorities unrelated to the study investigators. The present analysis (20 September 2021) predates booster doses. The primary objective was seroconversion after vaccination. Preliminary data showed lower anti-Spike antibody development after vaccination in KTRs than in other CKD patients [1] (Supplementary Material and methods).

SENCOVAC included 3439 patients and analysed 28-day humoral immunity in 1061 patients and 3-month humoral immunity in 567 patients. Baseline characteristics of patients analysed 28 days and 3 months after vaccine completion are summarized in Supplementary data, Tables S1 and S2. At 28 days, 255 (24%) were KT, 103 (10%) PD, 610 (57%) HD and 93 (9%) ND-CKD patients (Figure 1A). At 3 months, 155 were KT (27%), 28 (5%) PD, 332 (59%) HD and 52 (9%) ND-CKD patients (Figure 1A).

(A) Flow chart of the SENCOVAC study. (B) Proportion of patients with positive humoral response at baseline, 28 days and 3 months. (C) Negative and equivocal humoral response 3 months after completing vaccine schedule among patients with positive humoral response at 28 days. Data expressed as percentage of those who were positive at 28 days.
FIGURE 1:

(A) Flow chart of the SENCOVAC study. (B) Proportion of patients with positive humoral response at baseline, 28 days and 3 months. (C) Negative and equivocal humoral response 3 months after completing vaccine schedule among patients with positive humoral response at 28 days. Data expressed as percentage of those who were positive at 28 days.

Open in new tabDownload slide

The humoral response at 28 days differed between groups. Among the 255 KTRs, 159 (62.4%) presented humoral immunity, which was lower than the 91 (97.8%) of 93 ND-CKD patients, 100 (97%) of 103 PD patients and 584 (95.7%) of 610 HD patients (P < 0.001). At 3 months, the rate of humoral response in KTRs was even lower (47.7%) (P < 0.001) (Figure 1B). Anti-Spike antibody titres differed between cohorts, being lower in KTRs (P < 0.001) at 28 days and at 3 months (Supplementary data, Figures S1 and S2). A strong correlation was found between 3-month and 28-day anti-Spike titres (ρ0.858, P < 0.001) (Supplementary data, Figure S3).

When assessing differences between the most common vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, at 3 months, anti-Spike antibody titres were higher for mRNA-1273 (P < 0.0001) (Supplementary data, Figure S4). mRNA-1273 was associated with higher antibody titres in PD (P = 0.005) and HD patients (P < 0.001) (Supplementary data, Figure S5). Among patients with negative baseline anti-Spike antibodies, mRNA-1273 was also associated with higher antibody titres 3 months after vaccination (P = 0.009) (Supplementary data, Figure S4). Among these patients, mRNA-1273 was associated with higher antibody titres in PD (P = 0.009) and HD patients (P < 0.001) (Supplementary data, Figure S6). Interestingly, in a preprint study from Florida, the risk of infection after full vaccination with mRNA-1273 was about 60% lower than after full vaccination with BNT162b2 {Incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.39 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24–0.62]}, indicating a higher protection with mRNA-1273 [2]. Similar results were reported in immunocompromised adults [3].

Factors associated with a lack of humoral response 28 days after completing vaccination were female sex (P = 0.02), negative baseline anti-Spike antibodies (P < 0.001), previous influenza vaccine (P = 0.02) and KTR (P < 0.0001). Independent predictors for negative humoral response were older age [hazard ratio (HR): 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00–1.04); P = 0.031], female sex [HR: 1.97 (95% CI: 1.26–3.10); P = 0.003], negative baseline anti-Spike antibodies [HR: 10.42 (95% CI: 3.15–34.89); P < 0.001], KTRs [HR: 21.62 (95% CI: 12.74–36.70); P < 0.001] and BNT162b2 [HR: 2.25 (95% CI: 1.32–3.81); P = 0.003] (Supplementary data, Table S3). Older age has been associated with less antibody response and worse coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes [4, 5]. In contrast to our results regarding sex differences, in healthy people, humoral responses were lower in males [6]. Moreover, factors associated with negative humoral responses 3 months after completing vaccination were negative baseline anti-Spike antibodies (P < 0.001), lower anti-Spike antibody titres at 28 days (P < 0.001) and KTR (P < 0.0001). In the multivariate model, KTRs [HR: 5.39 (95% CI: 2.50–11.58); P < 0.001] and anti-Spike antibody titres at 28 days [HR: 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99–0.99); P < 0.001] maintained their independent predictor value for negative humoral response (Supplementary data, Table S3). Multivariate assessment using the same predictive model but excluding 28-day anti-Spike titres showed that age [HR: 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01–1.06); P = 0.003], negative baseline anti-Spike antibodies [HR: 13.6 (95% CI: 4.43–41.79); P < 0.001], KTRs [HR: 23.14 (95% CI: 12.12–44.18); P < 0.001] and BNT162b2 [HR: 3.09 (95% CI: 1.71–5.61); P < 0.001] were associated with negative humoral response 3 months after completing vaccination (Supplementary data, Table S4).

Among the 496 patients with a positive humoral response at 28 days, 55 (11%) had become anti-Spike antibody negative at 3 months. KTRs lost the humoral response more frequently (26%) than the other cohorts (P < 0.001) (Figure 1C). Factors associated with the loss of the humoral response were KTRs (P < 0.0001), negative baseline anti-Spike antibodies (P = 0.04) and lower antibody titres at 28 days (P < 0.001). An adjusted multivariate logistic regression showed that KTRs [HR: 2.72 (95% CI: 1.38–5.37); P = 0.004] and lower 28-day antibody titres [HR: 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99–0.99); P < 0.001] were predictors for losing humoral response 3 months after vaccination. Among KTRs, losing humoral immunity was associated with negative baseline anti-Spike antibodies (P = 0.002), lower 28-day antibody titres (P < 0.001), steroids prescription (P = 0.017) and a trend was observed for shorter transplantation vintage (P = 0.08). In HD patients, losing humoral immunity was associated with BNT162b2 (P = 0.015) and lower 28-day antibody titres (P < 0.001). The response rate, anti-Spike antibody titres and rate of loss of anti-Spike antibodies were similar for PD, HD and ND-CKD patients. However, antibody titres were lower at 3 months than at 28 days. A recent small report of 41 chronic HD patients reached similar conclusions and alerts about the decline in humoral immunity [7].

During follow-up [median 3.9 (3.6–4.4) months] and after completing the vaccine schedule, 26 patients (0.8%) were infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and 5 patients (<0.1% of vaccinated patients, 19% of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections) died from COVID-19 (Supplementary data, Tables S5 and S6). Overall, 59 patients (1.7%) died during follow-up. One patient, registered as a possible-probable vaccine-related death, developed a haemorrhagic stroke 21 days after the first dose of mRNA-1273 (Supplementary data, Tables S5 and S6).

Issues for further exploration include the relevance of cellular immunity after vaccination or the impact of a third dose in CKD patients.

In conclusion, KTRs developed lower vaccine response rates and anti-Spike antibody titres and lost antibodies faster than other CKD cohorts, and BNT162b2 was associated with lower anti-Spike antibody titres than mRNA-1273. Identifying predictors for loss of antibodies should help in prioritizing patients at higher risk for booster doses or the prophylactic use of anti-SARS-Cov-2 monoclonal antibodies [8], as breakthrough infections were uncommon but had high mortality. Anti-Spike antibodies titres 28 days after completing the vaccine schedule predicted the loss of humoral responses. To our knowledge, this is the first report including the whole spectrum of CKD patients, with a 3-month follow-up and a considerable sample size.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank all the involved centres and healthcare workers, especially the nurse team, for their implication in this project. In addition, we want to thank the support of the Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica (SEDEN), Organización Nacional de Trasplantes (ONT) and Sociedad Española de Trasplante (SET).

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

B.Q. has received honoraria for conferences, consulting fees and advisory boards from Vifor-Pharma, Astellas, Amgen, Bial, Ferrer, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Sandoz, Laboratorios Bial, Esteve, Sanofi-Genzyme and Otsuka. M.J.S. reports honorarium for conferences, consulting fees and advisory boards from AstraZeneca, NovoNordsik, Esteve, Vifor, Bayer, Mundipharma, Ingelheim Lilly, Jansen, ICU Medical and Boehringer. A.O. has received consultancy or speaker fees or travel support from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Amicus, Amgen, Fresenius Medical Care, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Menarini, Kyowa Kirin, Alexion, Otsuka and Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma, and is Director of the Catedra Mundipharma-UAM of diabetic kidney disease and the Catedra Astrazeneca-UAM of CKD and electrolytes. A.B. has received honoraria for conferences from Vifor-Pharma and Shire. C.J.J.M. has received honoraria for one conference from Vifor-Pharma. C.C.G. has received honoraria for conferences, consulting fees and advisory boards from Fresenius and AstraZeneca. A.M. has received honoraria for conferences, consulting fees and advisory boards from Astellas, Novartis, Chiesi, GSK and Sanofi-Genzyme. She is a member of the Board of the S.E.N. and the Spanish Society of Transplantation (S.E.T.). J.C.R.S.M. has received honoraria for conferences, consulting fees and advisory boards from Novartis, Alexion, Astellas, Chiesi and Sandoz. J.M.C. has received honoraria for conferences from Astellas and AstraZeneca. S.C. has received honoraria for conferences, consulting fees and Advisory Boards from: Vifor-Pharma, Astellas, Amgen, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Chiesi, AstraZeneca, Sanofi-Genzyme, Otsuka, Chemo-Centrix, Boheringher and Rovi. M.Crespo has received honoraria for conferences, consulting fees and advisory boards from Astellas, Sanofi, Novartis and Chiesi. S.S. reports an honorarium for conferences and Advisory Boards from Vifor-Pharma, Astellas and Baxter. P.d.S. reports an honorarium for conferences, consulting fees and advisory boards from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Baxter, Braun, Fresenius, Nipro and Vifor-Pharma. She is the present president of the S.E.N.

A.B.M.D., V.O.G.P., M.Cervienka, M.O.D., R.L.V., M.C.D.R., S.M., M.G.S.M., M.G., P.M.R., N.M.C., N.T., C.L.N., M.T.R.D.T., D.G.F., B.V.L., E.G.P., C.G.-I., R.S.E., M.C.A.C., M.I.J.M., M.S.P.S., L.R.-O.J., A.Y., A.L., J.R. and R.T.G. do not present conflict of interests.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Research idea and study design was by B.Q., M.J.S., A.O., R.T.G. and P.d.S. Data acquisition was performed by A.B., A.B.M.D., C.J.J.M., V.O.G.P., C.C.G., M.Crespo, A.M., J.M.C., M.C.D.R., S.M., M.O.D., R.L., M.G.S.M., C.L.N., E.G.P., C.G.-I., M.T.R.D.T., M.C.A.C., M.G., P.M.R., N.M.C., N.T., J.C.R.S.M., R.S.E., M.Cervienka, B.V.L., M.I.J.M., L.R.-O.J., S.C., S.S., D.G.F., M.S.P.S. and A.Y. Data analysis/interpretation was carried out by B.Q., M.J.S., A.O., A.L., J.R., R.T.G. and P.d.S. Statistical analysis was performed by B.Q. and A.O. Supervision or mentorship was provided by B.Q., M.J.S., A.O., S.M., R.T.G., A.L., J.R., R.T.G. and P.d.S.

FUNDING

The present project has been supported by Fresenius Medical Care, Diaverum, Vifor Pharma, Vircell and Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo.

APPENDIX

The SENCOVAC collaborative network:

Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor: Marta Puerta Carretero, Daniel Gaitán Tocora, Mª Teresa Jaldo Rodríguez, Tamar Talaván Zanón, Esther Rodriguez Suárez, Alfredo José Sáenz Santolaya, Raquel Cerrajero Calero, Patricia Arribas Cobo.

Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz: Catalina Martin-Cleary, Jinny Sánchez-Rodríguez, Mónica Pereira, Ana Ramos-Verde.

Hospital Universitario de la Princesa: Carmen Sánchez, Yohana Gil Giraldo, Ana Sánchez Horrillo, Pablo Ruano Suárez, Antonio Fernández Perpén, Andrés Fernández Ramos, Laura Salanova Villanueva, Alejandra Cortiñas, Pablo A. Díez Arias, Alicia Cabrera Cárdenas, Antonio de Santos, Almudena Núñez, Guillermina Barril Cuadrado, Raquel Repollet.

Hospital Vall D'Hebrón: Francesc Moreso, María Antonieta Azancot, Natalia Ramos, Oriol Bestard, Ignacio Cidraque, Sheila Bermejo, Irene Agraz, Oreto Prat, Carlota Medina, Emma Pardo, Alejandro Saiz.

Hospital Son Espases: Maria Antònia Munar Vila.

Hospital Da Mariña: Nicolás Menéndez Granados, María Jesús Corton Cabo, Walter López Alarcón.

Hospital Rey Juan Carlos: Simona Alexandru, Laura García Puente Suarez, Saul Pampa Saico, Marisol Poma Tapia.

Hospital Universitario de Villalba: Rosa Sánchez Hernández.

Clínica Universidad de Navarra: Nuria García-Fernández, Paloma Leticia Martin Moreno, Noelia Ania González, Ana Sabalza Ortiz, María Nieves Bastida Iñarrea.

Hospital Reina Sofía de Córdoba: Raquel Ojeda López, Cayetana Moyano Peregrí, Maria Luisa Agüera Morales, Maria Dolores Navarro Cabello.

Hospital Universitario Fundación de Alcorcón: Ana M Tato Ribera, Eduardo Gallego Valcarce, Enrique Gruss Vergara.

Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar: Teresa García, Carlos Narváez, Cristhian Orellana.

Hospital Universitario Puerto Real: Pedro Luis Quirós Ganga, Fernando Vallejo Carrión, Antonio Luis García Herrera.

Hospital del Mar de Barcelona: Betty Chamoun, Francesc Barbosa, Anna Faura, Dolores Redondo Pachón.

Hospital QuirónSalud A Coruña: Natalia Blanco Castro.

Hospital Universitario de Badajoz: Rosa María Ruiz-Calero Cendrero, María Victoria Martín Hidalgo-Barquero, Román Hernández Gallego, Álvaro Alvarez, Eva Vázquez Leo.

Diaverum Andalucía: José Luis Pizarro León, Manuel Antonio Martínez García, Benaldina García Jiménez, Juan de Dios Ramiro Moya, Diana López Espinosa, Alejandro Jiménez Herrador, Manuel Navarro Zurita, Leonardo Díaz Álvarez, Álvaro González Martínez, Sandra Báez Arroyo, Raquel Reina Fernández, Marlyn Janella Suárez Vargas, Rocío Calurano Casero.

Diaverum Valencia: Gustavo Useche, Carmen Santamaría de Miguel, Ángel Palacios, Brenda Henningsmeyer, Esther Orero Calve, José Lacueva Moya, Yurika Sato, Marta Serra Marín.

Diaverum Murcia-Alicante: Irene Torres, Pablo Delgado Conde, Georgina Alfaro, Olga Halauko, Fouad El Rifai, Ana Dolores Martínez.

Diaverum Baleares: Pablo Justo Ávila.

Diaverum Galicia – Castilla y León: Antonio Marín Franco.

Diaverum Madrid: Marta Sanz Sainz.

Hospital Universitario San Agustín: José María Baltar Martín, Laura del Río García, José Luis Pérez Canga, Paola Milena Villabón Ochoa.

Hospital Infanta Cristina: Laura Muñiz Pacios, Lina León Machado.

Consorci Sanitari Alt Penedès: Augusto Quiroz Morales, Ignacio Manzur Cavalotti, Itziar Navarro Zorita, Sol Otero López, Sara Outon González, Carlos Soto Montañez.

Hospital Universitario de la Paz: Auxiliadora Bajo Rubio, Gloria Del Peso Gilsanz, Marta Ossorio Gonzalez, Rafael Sánchez Villanueva, Maria Ovidia Lopez Oliva.

Hospital Lucus Augusti: Jesús Calviño Varela, Alba García Enríquez, Carmen Cobelo Casas, Pablo Otero Alonso, Lourdes González Tabares.

Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo: José María Lamas Barreiro, Luisa Palomares Solla, Arginino Gándara, Walfred Nájera de la Garza, Francisco Fernández Fleming, María Gloria Rodríguez Goyanes, Cintia Caramés Feijoo, María Mercedes Moreiras Plaza, Cristina Bayón Juan.

Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla: Rosalía Valero San Cecilio, Celestino Piñera Haces, María Kislikova, Emilio Rodrigo.

Hospital General de Alicante: Francisco Javier Pérez Contreras, Noelia Balibrea Lara, Eduardo Muñoz de Bustillo Llorente.

Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias: Lucía Sobrino Díaz, Adriana María Cavada Bustamante, Jaime Mazón Ruiz.

Hospital Cruz Roja de Gijón: Enriqueta González Rodríguez.

Hospital Clínico San Carlos: Virginia Lopez De La Manzanara Perez, Marta Calvo Arevalo, Jose Antonio Herrero Calvo.

Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro: María Rosario Llópez Carratalá, Leyre María Martin Rodríguez, Marisa Serrano Salazar, Begoña Bravo Prieto, José María Portolés Pérez.

Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón: David Arroyo Rueda, María Luisa Rodríguez Ferrero, Almudena Vega Martínez, Soraya Abad Estébanez.

Hospital San Pedro: Antonio Gil Paraíso, Emma Huarte, M. Lanau.

Fundación Hospital Calahorra: Rodrigo Avellaneda Campos, José Manuel Ubé.

Hospital La Fe: Pilar Sánchez Pérez.

Fresenius Medical care (FMC) San Rafael: Isabel Berdud Godoy, Esther Torres Aguilera, Rolando Tello Alea, Margie Soledad Del Rosario Saldaña.

Fundació Salut Empordà: Maria Laura Salvetti, María Cufi Valmajor, Montserrat Picazo Sánchez, Miriam Llado Barragán, Laia Reixach Aunatell.

Hospital Virgen Macarena de Sevilla: Mercedes Salgueira, Nuria Aresté, María de los Ángeles Rodríguez, Rocío Collantes, Ana Isabel Martínez, María Jesús Moyano, Elena Jiménez Víbora.

FMC Madrid-Dialcentro: Sandra Castellano Gash, Lara Ruíz Martínez.

Hospital Universitario de Donosti: Beatriz Azcue Prieto, Carmen Toyos, José Molina Del Rio, Adriana Restrepo Acosta, Amagoia Celayeta Zamacona.

Hospital de Galdakao: Saioa Bilbao Ortega, Mª Isabel Gallardo Ruiz, Ainhoa Hernando Rubio, Paula Garcia Ledesma, Alvaro Goyoaga Alvarez.

Hospital Clinic de Barcelona: Esteban Poch López de Briñas, David Cucchiari, José Broseta Monzo.

Hospital Universitario de Canarias: Beatriz Escamilla Cabrera, Aurelio Pastor Rodríguez Hernández, María Sagrario García Rebollo, Juana Margarita Rufino Hernández.

Hospital Lluis Alcanyis: Juan Carlos Alonso, Amparo Martínez Más, Manuel Calvé, Marina Garces Cardona, Vanesa Canto Balaguer.

Hospital de Basurto: José Ignacio Minguela Pesquera.

Hospital General Universitario de Valencia: Antonio Galán Serrano, Patricia Tomás Simó, Humberto Daniel Rojas Mancilla, Marta Poves Gómez, Juan Villaro Gumpert.

Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara: Gabriel de Arriba de la Fuente, Katia Pérez del Valle.

Hospital de Vinalopó: Eva Cotilla de la Rosa, David Rodríguez Santarelli, Alba Santos Garcia, Antonio Cabezas Martin-Caro, Inmaculada Martinez Santamaria.

Hospital Doctor José Molina Orosa: Adelaida Morales Umpierrez, Esther Hurtado Ruiz, Aránzazu Márquez Corbella, Katia Toledo Perdomo, Yasmina Martín Martín.

complejo asistencia universitario (CAU) Palencia: Ana María Urraca de la Pisa, Lidia Sendino Monzon, Karina Ampuero Anachuri, Esther Hernández Garcia, Victoria Oviedo Gomez.

Hospital Universitario Doctor Negrín: Francisco Valga Amado, Patricia Pérez Borges, Raquel Monzón Vázquez.

Hospital Arquitecto Marcide: Marta Durán Beloso, Fernanda Arroyo Alonso, Noemí Pérez Felpete, Ana Meizoso Ameneiro, Mónica Cunha Mera.

Hospital Universitario del Sureste: Beatriz Gil Casares.

Hospital de Cruces: Sofía Zarraga Larrondo, Naroa Maruki Kareaga, Ainhoa Inza San Salvador del Valle, Ana Rosa Muñoz García.

Clínica Santa Isabel: Nuria del Toro Espinosa, Paola Estupiñan Perico, José Manuel Sánchez Oliva.

Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra: Joaquín Manrique, Itziar Castaño, Carolina Purroi, Nerea Gómez, Cristina Mansilla, Ane Utzurrum.

REFERENCES

1.

Quiroga
B
,
Soler
MJ
,
Ortiz
A
et al.
(12 November
2021
)
Safety and immediate humoral response of COVID-19 vaccines in chronic kidney disease patients: the SENCOVAC study
.
Nephrol Dial Transplant
; doi:
10.1093/ndt/gfab313

Google Scholar

OpenURL Placeholder Text

 
2.

Puranik
A
,
Lenehan
PJ
,
Silvert
E
et al.
Comparative effectiveness of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection
.
Med (N Y)
2022
;
3
:
28
–
41.e8

Google Scholar

PubMed
OpenURL Placeholder Text

 
3.

Embi
PJ
,
Levy
ME
,
Naleway
AL
et al.
Effectiveness of 2-dose vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among immunocompromised adults—nine states, January–September 2021
.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
2021
;
70
:
1553
–
1559

Google Scholar

Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed

 
4.

Vergara
A
,
Molina-Van den Bosch
M
,
Toapanta
N
et al.
The impact of age on mortality in chronic haemodialysis population with COVID-19
.
J Clin Med
2021
;
10
:
3022

Google Scholar

Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed

 
5.

Müller
L
,
Andrée
M
,
Moskorz
W
et al.
Age-dependent immune response to the biontech/Pfizer BNT162b2 coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination
.
Clin Infect Dis Clin Infect Dis
2021
;
73
:
2065
–
2072

Google Scholar

Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed

 
6.

Levin
EG
,
Lustig
Y
,
Cohen
C
et al.
Waning immune humoral response to BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine over 6 months
.
N Engl J Med
2021
;
385
:
e84

Google Scholar

Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed

 
7.

Davidovic
T
,
Schimpf
J
,
Abbassi-Nik
A
et al.
Waning humoral response six months after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with the mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccine in hemodialysis patients—time for a boost
.
Kidney Int
2021
;
100
:
1334
–
1335

Google Scholar

Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed

 
8.

Del Bello
A
,
Marion
O
,
Vellas
C
et al.
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies in solid-organ transplant patients
.
Transplantation
2021
;
105
:
e146
–
e147

Google Scholar

Crossref
Search ADS
PubMed

 
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the ERA.
This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://dbpia.nl.go.kr/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)
Topic:
Issue Section:
Research letter
Download all slides
  • Supplementary data

    • Supplementary data

    gfac007_Supplemental_Files - zip file

    Comments

    0 Comments
    Comments (0)
    Submit a comment
    You have entered an invalid code
    Thank you for submitting a comment on this article. Your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal's discretion. Please check for further notifications by email.