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While I was writing this book, several global media events resonated in all-too-familiar ways with the films that I discuss. In 2004, in anticipation of his performance in Madrid, Ben Harper, the popular African American musician, was lauded as “Cantautor negro, corazón blanco” (Black singer, white heart) (El país, 28 May 2004).1Close The surprising cachet that this expression still has in the early twentyfirst century was echoed by the tragic death and subsequent perverse memorialization of Michael Jackson, whose desire to be white replicated the fate of the Afro-Cuban protagonist in El negro que tenía el alma blanca (The black man with a white soul).
In the political sphere several European governments, among them Spain, established the Decade of Roma Inclusion in 2005, suggesting that public opinion was leaning toward a more hopeful and expanded political consciousness of people of Roma descent. In January 2010, Spain assumed the EU presidency, and the year was labeled the European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion;2Close immediately after, the Roma advocate George Soros called upon Spain to lead Europe in bettering the conditions of the Roma. Following this request, the Spanish prime minister, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, announced that during his presidency he would push for initiatives for the pueblo gitano (Gypsy people), and in April 2010 he officially recognized the celebration of the Second European Roma Summit.
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