... France Holy Land Philip II Augustus king of France Ralph de Diceto chronicler Richard of Devizes chronicler Roger of Howden chronicler Tancred king of Sicily William of Newburgh chronicler Benjamin of Tudela traveller author Ibn Jubayr traveller pilgrim scholar al Idrīsī Muḥammad cartographer...

...The wars in the Low Countries in diplomatic correspondence between 1567 and 1577 are the starting point of this chapter: but a prelude, rather than the substantive part. Initial research on several of Philip II’s ambassadors revealed that it was often difficult to identify what materials they used...

...Chapter five considers the various ways in which Philip II Augustus was remembered as a great crusader, despite failing to participate in most of the expeditions launched during his reign. By this point in the late twelfth century, as we will see, the crusading image had already been firmly...

... authority, Red Hugh O’Donnell, were sending letters to the king of Spain beseeching him to send troops to expel the ‘heretic’ English and sever the political links between the polities. For his troubles, the Ulster lords promised, Philip II would not only see the world made safer for the true faith but he...

...The co-monarchy of Mary I and Philip II put England at the heart of early modern Europe. This positive reassessment of their joint reign counters a series of parochial, misogynist and anti-Catholic assumptions, correcting the many myths that have grown up around the marriage and explaining...