
Contents
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Administration after 1945 Administration after 1945
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Some principles and concepts Some principles and concepts
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Federal administration Federal administration
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Administration in the territorial Länder and the city-states Administration in the territorial Länder and the city-states
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The three levels of Land administration The three levels of Land administration
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The high level The high level
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The middle level (Mittelstufe or Mittelinstanz) The middle level (Mittelstufe or Mittelinstanz)
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The lower level: direct state administration The lower level: direct state administration
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The lower level: indirect administration by local governments The lower level: indirect administration by local governments
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Administration in the city-states Administration in the city-states
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Special agencies Special agencies
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Indirect administration by nongovernmental public bodies and private persons Indirect administration by nongovernmental public bodies and private persons
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Social insurance agencies Social insurance agencies
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Chambers Chambers
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Universities and specialized schools of higher education (Fachhochschulen) Universities and specialized schools of higher education (Fachhochschulen)
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Public radio and television Public radio and television
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Public savings and loan associations (Sparkassen) Public savings and loan associations (Sparkassen)
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Foundations Foundations
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Water and ground associations Water and ground associations
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“Borrowed” instruments (“Beliehene”) “Borrowed” instruments (“Beliehene”)
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Planning in the Länder Planning in the Länder
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General General
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Types of planning Types of planning
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Joint task planning Joint task planning
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Public employees Public employees
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Classification Classification
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Loyalty expectations Loyalty expectations
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Political patronage Political patronage
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Public sector unions Public sector unions
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Conclusion Conclusion
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Notes Notes
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Cite
Abstract
To some extent the Allies tried after World War II to break older administrative traditions in Germany, but the Americans and French looked for guidance at the pre-Nazi administrative structures in their occupation zones. Nineteenth-century organisational structures were largely reinstated under the formula, ‘a new beginning, but not a fundamentally new organisation’. However, there was a focus on localising administration, in part as a consequence of the Potsdam Agreement that called for ‘decentralisation’ in post-war Germany. The reconstruction of administration from the bottom up helped strengthen and stabilise local self-government. The Germans carried out wide-ranging territorial reorganisations and administrative reforms in the late 1960s and 1970s, but these efforts took the form of adjustments of the administrative organisation to long-ignored changes in social and economic developments. Today, the sixteen Länder are divided between thirteen territorial states and three city-states. This chapter explores administrative structures in Germany, federal administration, special agencies, indirect administration by nongovernmental public bodies and private persons, universities and specialised schools of higher education, public radio and television, planning in the Länder and public employees.
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