...This chapter investigates how Poles react to the Revd Henryk Jankowski's antisemitic statements. If in any Western country, a cleric (a Catholic priest as well known as the Revd Jankowski) presented such antisemitic opinions, many people of good will would protest in the streets. In Poland...

...This chapter investigates racial antisemitism. Antisemites were concerned to establish the otherness of the Jews; this otherness, this difference, was expressed in racial terms. It was frequently claimed that the Jews were a race with special and indelible qualities that distinguished them from...

...This chapter assesses sexual antisemitism. French antisemites characterized the Jews in sexual terms, both explicitly and implicitly. First, Jews were generally associated with sexuality and with special sexual potency. Fear and hatred of Jews was a way of expressing fear and hatred of sexuality...

...This chapter studies the aims of antisemitism as far as Jews were concerned. The French antisemites at the end of the nineteenth century proposed a wide range of solutions to the “Jewish question.” These ranged from full assimilation through various legal controls to expulsion and extermination...

...This concluding chapter summarises the findings of this study of antisemitism in France at the end of the nineteenth century, and draws some specific and general conclusions. First, both the chronology of its fortunes as a movement as well as the content of its ideology indicate...

... little from the American principle of separation of Church and State, as well as obvious antisemites, drew instant retaliation from his pen. The occasions on which Wise felt called upon to act thus are too numerous, and the torrent of words too copious, to permit a representative selection...

...This chapter argues that as recently as the 1880s, Catholicism, as it existed in Poland at the time, was still somewhat resistant to expressions of antisemitism. Catholicism, in other words, was configured in such a way in the late nineteenth century as to make it hard for antisemites to express...

...This chapter highlights the other antisemitic organizations that sprang up in France at the time of the Dreyfus Affair. Many political groups then competed to exploit what seemed a promising means of obtaining popular support, and politicians and publicists across the whole political spectrum...

...This chapter explores the significance of antisemitism in political terms. Was the antisemitic movement regarded as a legitimate political organization? How far was it an electoral and parliamentary force? Antisemitism seems to have appeared as an electoral platform in metropolitan France...

...This chapter discusses economic antisemitism. Many contemporaries explained the revival of antisemitism as a primarily economic phenomenon, as a means by which rational economic interests were defended or pursued. Henri Maret, director of Le Racial, argues that the characteristics...

...This chapter analyses social antisemitism. Antisemitism was also a protest against a social system, and the expression of social tension and conflict. “The important cause of antisemitism,” according to Cesare Lombroso in 1899, was “the antagonism between the poor and the rich.” However, although...

...This chapter examines the nationalist component of antisemitic ideology. First, nationalism was one of the most important explicit themes in antisemitic writing and speeches. Second, the specifically antisemitic movement was closely connected with the various organizations which, in the 1890s...