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D. R. Cox, Causality: Some Statistical Aspects, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society, Volume 155, Issue 2, March 1992, Pages 291–301, https://doi.org/10.2307/2982962
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Summary
After some brief historical comments on statistical aspects of causality two current views are outlined and their limitations sketched. One definition is that causality is a statistical association that cannot be explained away by confounding variables and the other is based on a link with notions in the design of experiments. The importance of underlying processes or mechanisms is stressed. Implications for empirical statistical analysis are discussed.