Reviews
Spatial resolution in secondary-electron microscopy
R.F. Egerton and Y. Zhu
Mini Abstract: This review discusses the factors that determine the spatial resolution of secondary-electron imaging in a scanning-tunneling electron microscope (STEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), with new data for atomic-resolution imaging.
Microscopy 2023 72:2 66--77; doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfac022
Spatial and phase resolution in electron microscopy
Ryo Ishikawa, Shigeyuki Morishita, Toshiaki Tanigaki, Naoya Shibata and Yuichi Ikuhara
Mini Abstract: Here, we review the historical progress of spatial and phase resolutions in electron microscopy, where we clarify the definition of these resolutions. We also discuss the future targets in electron microscopy.
Microscopy 2023 72:2 78--96; doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfac045
Temporal resolution in transmission electron microscopy using a photoemission electron source
Makoto Kuwahara and Toshihide Agemura
Mini Abstract: Temporal resolution in transmission electron microscopy has progressed to sub-picosecond with the stroboscopic method using a photoemission mechanism with an ultrafast laser for the electron gun. We show new techniques for improvement of time-resolution and new application of pulsed electron beam in electron microscopy.
Microscopy 2023 72:2 97--110; doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfac069
Three-dimensional electron tomography and recent expansion of its applications in materials science
Norio Baba, Satoshi Hata, Hikaru Saito and Kenji Kaneko
Mini Abstract: This review aims to (i) describe the established basic theories regarding 3D resolution of ET and practical 3D resolution measurement methods, (ii) discuss various reconstruction algorithms that effectively overcome ET problems, and (iii) describe recent progress in the core of ET applications in materials science on atomic ET, analytical ET, and in-situ ET.
Microscopy 2023 72:2 111--134; doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfac071
Progress in spatial resolution of structural analysis by cryo-EM
Yoshiyuki Fukuda, Kevin Stapleton and Takayuki Kato
Mini Abstract: Electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) has become one of the most powerful tools for structural analysis of biological macromolecules and macromolecular complexes. We review the resolution in the single particle analysis and the electron tomography by cryo-EM, whose resolution has improved significantly after using the direct electron detector.
Microscopy 2023 72:2 135--143; doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfac053
Advanced observation of brain and nerve cells using two-photon microscopy with novel techniques
Hirokazu Ishii, Taiga Takahashi, Kazushi Yamaguchi and Tomomi Nemoto
Mini Abstract: Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (two-photon microscopy) is a robust technique for understanding physiological phenomena. Recently, we have been promoting the use of semiconductor lasers, adaptive optics, vector beams, and nanomaterials to improve the observation depth or spatial resolution. We describe our recent results and discuss the future of two-photon microscopy.
Microscopy 2023 72:2 144--150; doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfac047
Spatiotemporal resolution in high-speed atomic force microscopy for studying biological macromolecules in action
Kenichi Umeda, Steven J. McArthur and Noriyuki Kodera
Mini Abstract: High-speed atomic force microscopy is a unique approach that allows direct visualization of biological macromolecules in action under near physiological conditions. Here, we describe how the spatiotemporal resolution of this microscopy are determined. We also discuss recent attempts to improve the spatiotemporal resolution.
Microscopy 2023 72:2 151--161; doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfad011
